Stringers
Mobile App · iOS · written 11-6
AI Voice to Text - Superflow · L8 Cones Interactive Private Limited

Speak Tamil, send English: an Indian spoken-English app that turns "learn English" into "no need to learn"

What it is A phone keyboard / floating bubble: you speak a passage in your mother tongue and it writes out a fluent, sendable English version, with a choice of formal or casual tone.

Why it's taking off It's from the company behind the Indian English speaking app Supernova (26M installs, investor publicly cited $9.5M ARR). Using the same "English anxiety" users and the same playbook of paid acquisition and low-priced subscriptions, it moves people from "learning English" to "writing English on the spot". Wispr Flow entering India also educated the market on the "AI voice keyboard" category.

BHow you could play it Don't go head-to-head with it in India. Take "speak your mother tongue, send English" to languages it hasn't reached (Indonesian, Vietnamese, Filipino, Arabic for migrant workers, Chinese for foreign trade), output directly in the keyboard, rewrite instead of translating literally, allow code-switching, and acquire users with screen-recorded short-video ads.

Grade B: demand is validated, Superflow itself isn't widely known yet, and the approach to other languages is clear. But the technology has no barrier to entry, the low-priced markets only work if the unit economics add up, India is already held by Supernova's existing users and traffic, and big-tech input methods could turn this into a free toggle at any time. Not widely known yet
Data (updated daily) · Launched 2026-07-28 · India rating 1,382 · 11-08 best Top Free overall rank #169 (India) · 11-08 charted in 11 stores
iOS · Overall Top Free rank · by store
12515017520010-2810-3111-0311-0511-08169
Data 2026-10-28 → 2026-11-08 (12 days, 12 observations). Lower rank is higher; gaps mean it wasn't charted that day
iOS · Number of stores charted (top 200 on any chart)
00.5110-2810-3111-0311-0511-081
Data 2026-10-28 → 2026-11-08 (12 days, 12 observations)
iOS · Ratings count · India
1.1k1.2k1.3k1.4k10-2810-3111-0311-0511-081.4k
Data 2026-10-28 → 2026-11-08 (12 days, 12 observations). Apple doesn't publish download counts; rating growth is a proxy for downloads.

Superflow is a voice keyboard: you speak a passage in Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, or Hinglish, and it gives you English you can send to your boss on WhatsApp or Gmail. Its Android version has 7M installs in 2 months, and the iOS version is in the teens on India's productivity chart, with almost no discussion outside. Below: who made it, why it took off, where the money comes from, who it's competing with, and whether there's room for you outside India.

A small-business owner in Coimbatore

2026 Aug 27, a five-star review on the India App Store: "I run a small business in Coimbatore, and most of my clients want everything in English. Writing an English email used to take me twenty minutes, and I'd second-guess every sentence. Now I speak Tamil, and Superflow gives me clean English I paste straight into the email. It isn't machine translation..."

Three weeks later (9-16) another review was more direct: "I'm speaking in Kannada right now, look, it translated it into English." In Sep 29, someone wrote in romanized Hindi: "Bahut hi helpful app hai, I speak Hindi and it turns it into very formal English."

That's the whole product: people who think in their mother tongue but have to write in English no longer have to write it themselves.

What it is

The first line of the store page: "Speak in your language. Send polished English." It supports Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada, and the iOS version added Spanish. On iPhone it's a keyboard you switch to by long-pressing the globe key, then tap "Start Speaking"; on Android it's a floating bubble; there are also Mac and Windows versions where you hold a key to speak and the English lands at the cursor. The website lets you pick a tone: "Boss ko formal, dost ko casual", formal for the boss, casual for friends.

It differs from translation apps in two ways: you don't switch apps, and the output isn't a word-for-word translation but a rewritten sentence that reads like a fluent English speaker wrote it. The store description names its target users concretely: office workers writing emails and LinkedIn posts, small-business owners replying to clients in English, people writing job applications, and "Malayalis, Tamils, and Telugus working in the Gulf".

It's made by L8 Cones Interactive in Bengaluru, the company behind the Indian AI spoken-English tutor app Supernova AI Spoken English. The Android version uses the same developer account as Supernova, "24/7 Personal AI Tutor", and the package name is ai.getsupernova.superflow.

Scale

MetricSource and date
Android installsAbout 2M, +7k in the last 187 days (about 27k a day)Google Play, 11-05
Android launch2026-03-25Google Play
iOS launch2026-07-28, current version 1.56 (11-05)App Store
iOS ratings1,362 entries, 1,331 of them in India; +191 over the last 7 days, with 11-06 at 49 a day, the highest recentlyApp Store, 11-06
iOS rankIndia Productivity free chart #14–19, overall free chart #130–195; not charted in Top GrossingApp Store, 10-28 to 11-06
Android rankBest India Tools free chart #27; Mexico Tools Top Grossing #141Google Play, 11-05

iOS is the late add-on; most volume is on Android. One number looks off: 2M installs but only about 7 thousand ratings, a ratio of 0.35%, well below apps that grew on word of mouth, which suggests bought users (inferred).

Why this one, and why now

The demand has already been proven by the parent. Supernova is well known in India as an "English anxiety" business: #1 on the iOS India Education free chart, 26M Android installs (Google Play, 11-06). A partner at investor Day Zero Ventures, 2025 November, wrote on LinkedIn that it hit "$9.5M+ ARR, cash-flow positive." Superflow takes the same users from "learn English", which takes perseverance and pays off slowly, to "write English right now", which pays off on the spot and gets used every day: replying on WhatsApp, writing emails, posting on LinkedIn.

The traffic and monetization machine is ready-made. Same account, same low-price India subscription playbook, same WhatsApp support number. Supernova spends heavily on Instagram ads in India. Superflow's India creatives don't show up in public ad libraries, but the ratio of installs to ratings suggests it is probably buying too (inferred). Whether Supernova's main app cross-promotes it was not verified.

The category has just been educated by someone else. Wispr Flow officially launched in India in 2026 Apr 28, pitched on Hinglish (Economic Times), so "AI voice keyboard" now has some buzz in India. But Wispr sells to knowledge workers who already speak English, on the promise of typing faster, at ₹400/month. Superflow reached Android a month earlier and targets the layer with weak English, with prices starting at ₹199.

The reviews look like what you'd expect from a downmarket user base. Most are short, like "Mind blowing / I have never seen an app like this before", "Good app", "Gud". The few very detailed long reviews from August read more like early seed users or people who were asked to write one (inferred).

Where the money comes from

Subscription. The iOS India-store in-app purchase is called "Superflow Premium," with ₹199 to ₹1,299 across 9 tiers (India App Store page, 11-06). I haven't verified which tier is weekly, monthly, or yearly. 10-29 One review reads: "Used it for two hours and was blown away... it asks you to buy the annual plan, with a big discount." It suggests the app pushes annual plans right after install.

Revenue is hard to see: iOS isn't on any Top Grossing chart; the only Android Top Grossing placement is Mexico Tools at #141, so Spanish-speaking users are already paying, but Indian payments aren't showing on any chart. Indian subscriptions are cheap, so this business depends on volume and on the parent's acquisition cost.

Who it's competing with

CompetitorsScaleHow it differs
Wispr FlowAndroid 2.15M installs, +265k in 7 days; iOS India Top Grossing #170; about 2,900 ads running on Meta (US, UK, Germany, Japan)Speeds up people who already speak English, ₹400/month; does not focus on translating native language into English, no South Indian languages
General AI voice keyboards like TypelessTypeless Android 790k installs, only +4 thousand in 7 days; GrammarFlow, VoiBoard, Spok3n and others launched in the past 2026 years, with India ratings in the tens to hundredsSame format, no local-language positioning and no traffic
Gboard, Apple Dictationfull rangeCan dictate Hindi, but the output is the original words, not converted to English
Translation apps (e.g. Voice Translator: Speak & Chat)6.54M installs, +970k in 7 daysRequires switching apps and translating sentence by sentence
Loora, Hilingo and the parent SupernovaLoora 12.8M, Hilingo 1.77M installsTeaches you English rather than writing it for you

(Google Play installs, App Store rating counts, 11-05 to 11-06)

The combination "speak an Indian local language, get fluent English in the keyboard" doesn't seem to have a second player at scale yet. But the biggest threat isn't in the table: if Gboard, Apple or WhatsApp adds a toggle that translates dictation into English, the category's foundation disappears. A Malayalam user (10-10, two stars) already spelled it out: "I only need this because I have an iPhone. On Android, Malayalam voice input is free."

How many people know about it

Almost nobody knows Superflow itself: no press coverage, about 90 mentions on X in the last 0 days, YouTube has only Hindi tutorials like "superflow app kaise use kare" with a thousand or two views, and Instagram has tech accounts posting reels like "Hindi me message… aur reply aayega English me!" (type in Hindi, reply comes out in English). Its website still shows "858 ratings", which is well behind the actual store numbers.

But the category itself is far from cold: Supernova's revenue has been publicly cited by investors, and Indian startup accounts on Instagram have been circulating that it earns "9 crore a month" (unverified). Plenty of people run English-learning businesses in India; nobody has copied the "voice keyboard" move yet.

If it were you

One-line verdict: anyone can build the tech (speech recognition + LLM rewriting + keyboard extension), and head-on competition with it in India is a bad trade. What's worth doing is taking "speak your mother tongue, send English" into languages it hasn't reached, or has only just started testing.

Who it suits: 1–3 people, with someone who can build iOS keyboard extensions and Android floating windows, and someone who has run Meta / TikTok ads and can work out acquisition costs in low-price markets. Ideally one of you is a native speaker of a target language, so you can hear whether the rewritten English sounds human.

Who it doesn't suit: anyone who wants to fight Supernova in India (it has 26M existing users and a ready-made paid-acquisition engine); anyone who wants to sell a general "AI voice keyboard" to English speakers (Wispr Flow is already running thousands of ads); anyone counting on organic App Store traffic alone (this kind of tool doesn't spread organically, so traffic stops when the ads stop).

How to do it:

  • Pick a group that has to write in English but is weak at it: Indonesian, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Arabic (South Asian and Southeast Asian workers in the Gulf), Brazilian Portuguese, or Chinese small-business owners doing foreign trade and cross-border e-commerce. Avoid Spanish: Superflow's Mexico store page has already switched to Spanish ("Habla en tu idioma. Manda inglés perfecto"), and Android users in Mexico are already paying.
  • The product does four things: works straight from the keyboard, rewrites instead of translating word for word, handles mixed-language text (Taglish, Hinglish, that kind of thing), and offers three tone levels. It also gets criticized for one thing: history can't be cleared in one go. A 10-13-star review asks why records are kept on both the app and the server, and you can only delete them one by one.
  • Price to the local market, not to Wispr Flow; push annual billing right after install, following its playbook.

How to get users: short-video ads, where the creative is a screen recording: say one sentence in your native language into the phone, and a polished English message appears on screen, ready to send to your boss or a client. Small accounts posting "tutorial / tip" reels are cheaper than big ones and feel more like a real person's recommendation. Use generic big keywords in the store title (Superflow uses "AI Voice to Text"), and stuff the description with local search phrases like "X language to English translation" and "voice typing".

When to move: within 6 months. Supernova is already testing Spanish as a second market, so moving the same playbook to a third and fourth language is only a matter of time; big companies are also working on building dictation plus translation into their input methods.

What would show you got it wrong: ① Gboard, Apple Dictation or WhatsApp adds a "speak your language, get English output" option. Then the category becomes a free feature. ② Over the next few months Superflow's Android daily installs drop from 20k-plus to a few thousand, and its iOS India Productivity rank falls out of the top 50. That would mean usage dies once paid acquisition stops, and the tool alone can't hold it up. ③ The reverse: if it reaches the India iOS Top Grossing chart, or opens a store page for another language outside Mexico and it starts growing, that means the model makes money and someone else got there before you.

iOS store page ↗

Research notes: competitor table, acquisition evidence, full research report
Competitors
NameWhereLaunchedScaleHow it differs from this one
Wispr FlowiOSiOS 2025-05; Android 2026-02; officially launched in India 2026-04-28Android 2.15M installs, +265k in 7 days; iOS India rating 4,165, Top Grossing India #170; 2,917 ads running on MetaSold to knowledge workers who already speak English, on speed; ₹400/month in India; does not focus on native-language-to-English, no South Indian languages
Typeless: AI Voice KeyboardiOS2025-12(Android 2026-01)Android 790k installs, +4 thousand in 7 days; iOS India rating 23General AI voice keyboard, no local-language positioning, did not take off in India
Gboard / built-in Apple dictationBig-company featuresYearsfull rangeCan dictate Hindi, but the output is the original words; no translation or rewriting into English
Translation apps such as Voice Translator: Speak & ChatAndroid2026-046.54M installs, +970k in 7 daysRequires switching apps and translating line by line; Superflow rewrites into workplace English right in the keyboard and lets you choose a tone
Hindi voice-typing keyboards such as Hindi Keyboard: Voice typingiOS2026-01 / 2026-09Single-digit iOS ratingsOnly converts speech to Devanagari, no English output
Loora / Hilingo and other AI English speaking apps (including the parent Supernova)Android2021–2025Loora 12.8M, Hilingo 1.77M installs; Supernova 26MThey teach you English; Superflow skips the learning and writes the English for you
Where users come from
  • Inferred Traffic from parent Supernova's users: Android uses the same developer account as Supernova, "24/7 Personal AI Tutor", package ai.getsupernova.superflow, privacy policy on getsupernova.ai. Supernova has 26M installs and is #1 in India's education chart, same target audience. No direct screenshot of in-app cross-promotion
  • Inferred Paid acquisition: Android 2M installs but only about 7 thousand reviews (about 0.35%), which looks like bought installs; parent Supernova is a well-known paid-acquisition app in India. Our ad libraries don't cover India, so we didn't get creatives
  • Confirmed Hindi tutorials from micro-influencers / Instagram reels: YouTube "superflow app kaise use kare" (about 1.2K views), an Instagram tech-account reel "Hindi me message… aur reply aayega English me", Facebook recommendation posts
  • Confirmed Store keywords (ASO): the title uses the generic term "AI Voice to Text", and the description is packed with "Hindi/Tamil/Telugu to English translation" and "voice-to-English keyboard"; the Mexico store gets a Spanish description
  • Verified category education by big players: Wispr Flow 2026-04-28 launched in India, pitching Hinglish (ET; TechCrunch 2026-05-09). AI voice keyboards are getting buzz in India.

AI Voice to Text - Superflow (ios_6782897323) research report

Research date 2026-11-06. Data sources: our appstore / googleplay / metaads / googleads libraries (agent-im server), Apple lookup API, Jina / Exa web search, x-radar. Unverified points are marked.

One line

Superflow is a sister product of India's AI spoken-English app Supernova AI Spoken English (by L8 Cones Interactive, Bengaluru; backed by Day Zero Ventures and others). You speak in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada (and Spanish), and it outputs fluent English you can send right away. On iPhone it's a keyboard, on Android a floating bubble, and there are Mac / Windows push-to-talk versions. Think of it as "Wispr Flow for Indians who aren't confident in English".

1. Data: how big is it really

iOS (this card)

  • Launched 2026-07-28, current version 1.56 (2026-11-05). Total ratings 1,362 (library, 2026-11-06), of which India 1,331, US 14, other countries single digits (Apple lookup 2026-11-06). Rating 4.8.
  • India: productivity free chart holding at #14–19, overall free chart at #130–195 (appstore.app_day, 10-28 to 11-06). India added 8–46,7 ratings a day 191; 11-06 hit 46 in a single day, the highest in this stretch.
  • Not on the Top Grossing chart. In-app purchases: Superflow Premium ₹199 to ₹1,299, 9 tiers total (App Store India page).
  • The Mexico store description is in Spanish ("Habla en tu idioma. Manda inglés perfecto"), suggesting an expansion into Spanish→English, but the Mexico rating count is 0, so it hasn't taken off yet.

Android (the bulk of installs, not on this card but it shapes the judgment)

  • Package ai.getsupernova.superflow, developer account "24/7 Personal AI Tutor" (same account as the main Supernova app), Play launch 2026-03-25, 4 months earlier than iOS.
  • Installs 2,001,378 (googleplay.app_profile, 2026-11-05), +7 over 186,717 days, about 27k per day. 10-29 is 1.81M, and it gained about 190k over 8 days.
  • Best India Tools free-chart rank #27; Mexico Tools Top Grossing #141 (googleplay.chart_rank), so people are already paying in the Spanish-speaking market.
  • Play has 4.6,6.96K reviews (Play India page). 2M installs with only 7 thousand reviews is a ratio of about 0.35%, well below the usual organic ratio, which suggests paid acquisition. This is an inference only.

Parent Supernova AI Spoken English

  • iOS India Education free chart #1, overall free chart #38–60, ratings +2,609 over 45,820,7 days (appstore, 2026-11-06). Android 26M installs, +575k over 7 days (googleplay).
  • Day Zero Ventures partner Rahul Gupta 2025-11-14 posted on LinkedIn: Supernova "$9.5M+ ARR, cash-flow positive (2025 November)". An Indian Instagram startup account is also circulating "Supernova makes 9 crore a month" (2026-02-01 reel, unverified).
  • Technical partnerships: Sarvam AI's case study page (Indian home-grown speech models) and ElevenLabs' blog both mention Supernova.

II. Competitors

CompetitorsWhereLaunchedScaleHow it differs from Superflow
Wispr FlowiOS / Android / Mac / WiniOS 2025-05; Android 2026-02; official India launch 2026-04-28 (ET)Android 2.15M installs, +265k over 7 days; iOS India ratings +178 over 4,165,7 days, Top Grossing India #170; Meta is running 2,917 ads (US / UK / DE / JP)Sold to knowledge workers who already know English, to speak faster than they type, with Hinglish support. India price ₹400/month. It doesn't pitch "speak your mother tongue, get English out", and doesn't cover South Indian languages
TypelessiOS / Android2025-12 / 2026-01Android 790k installs, only +4 thousand over 7 days; iOS India ratings 23General AI voice keyboards, which haven't really taken off in India
Gboard / built-in Apple dictationBig-company featuresAlready aroundfull rangeCan dictate Hindi, but outputs Devanagari or the original words; you still have to translate it to English yourself
Google Translate / various "Voice Translator" appsAndroid / iOSYearsExample: Voice Translator: Speak & Chat, 6.54M installs, +970k over 7 days (launched 2026-04)These are translation tools: you switch apps and translate sentence by sentence. Superflow rewrites inside the keyboard into "English you can send your boss", with tone options
Hindi voice keyboards (Hindi Keyboard: Voice typing, etc.)iOS / Android2026-01 / 2026-09 etc.Single-digit iOS ratingsOnly converts spoken Hindi into Devanagari, with no English output
Twik, GrammarFlow, Spok3n, VoiBoard and other new AI voice keyboardsiOS2026 yearsIndia ratings 0–554, barely movingSame form factor, but no local-language positioning and no traffic
Loora, Hilingo and other AI English-speaking appsiOS / Android2021–2025Loora Android 12.8M; Hilingo 1.77M, +220k over 7 daysThis is the parent Supernova's track (learning English). Superflow skips the learning and writes the English for you directly

Conclusion: the specific combination of "speak an Indian local language, get fluent English straight out of the keyboard" has no large direct competitor that I can see. Wispr Flow has entered India, but it sells productivity rather than translation, and at a higher price tier.

3. Growth tactics (evidence)

  1. Parent traffic + the same monetization playbook (inferred, but the channel evidence is strong): Android uses Supernova's developer account, package names ai.getsupernova.*, the privacy policy and website sit under getsupernova.ai, and Play support sends users to the same WhatsApp number. Supernova has 26M Android installs and is #1 in India's education chart, and its user profile (tier-2/3 city office workers, job seekers, Gulf migrant workers who "think in their mother tongue but must write in English") matches Superflow's target audience word for word. No direct screenshot of in-app cross-promotion, so this remains unverified.
  2. Paid acquisition (inferred, no direct creatives obtained): the installs-to-reviews ratio is about 0.35%; Supernova is notorious for paid acquisition (lots of its ads and promo reels on Indian Instagram). Our Meta and Google ad libraries don't cover India, so we can't see Superflow's creatives. That doesn't mean it isn't being advertised.
  3. Micro-influencer Hindi tutorials / reels (confirmed, small scale): YouTube "ai voice to text superflow app kaise use kare" (@SeeandlearnBaiju, about 1.2K views, 2 weeks ago), "Superflow Ai app kaise use kare"; Instagram tech-account reel "Hindi me message… aur reply aayega English me!" (romita_tiwari_17, #HindiToEnglish); a Facebook personal post "Download superflow App And Create Professional English…". Looks like micro-influencer placements or organic recommendations; no big accounts seen.
  4. Store keywords (ASO) (confirmed): the iOS title uses the generic search term "AI Voice to Text"; the description is packed with "Hindi to English translation, Tamil to English translation…" and "voice-to-English keyboard", written around the search terms Indians actually use.
  5. Category education (timing): Wispr Flow officially launched in India 2026-04-28 with Hinglish as its pitch (Economic Times; TechCrunch 2026-05-09 "Voice AI in India is hard"), and the term "AI voice keyboard" has gained buzz in India. Superflow hit Android a month before Wispr (2026-03-25) with a more grassroots positioning.
  6. X / HN / Product Hunt: x-radar shows searches for superflow / getsuperflow over the last 90 days return only 0 posts each, with no exposure in the English-language tech community.

4. Why it made the list

  • Real demand, already validated by the parent app: Supernova reached $9.5M ARR by playing on Indians' anxiety about English. Superflow moves the same people from "learning English" (requires persistence, slow results) to "getting English out right now" (instant results), used in WhatsApp, email, LinkedIn and job applications, scenarios that happen every day.
  • Ready-made traffic and monetization machinery: the same developer account, the same paid-acquisition and subscription playbook (tiered pricing from ₹199, WhatsApp support), and Android reached 2M installs in 7 months. iOS is just the second leg.
  • The product form fits: built as a keyboard / floating bubble, usable inside any app without switching to a translation app; it understands Hinglish and mixed speech; the output is rewritten into idiomatic English, not word-for-word translation; and it offers tone options (formal for the boss, casual for friends). Reviews are mostly generic, "Mind blowing / never seen an app like this", typical of first-time users of this kind of tool in lower-tier cities.
  • Priced below Western products: Wispr Flow is ₹400/month in India, while Superflow's in-app purchases start at ₹199 (the billing period for each tier is unverified).

5. Differentiation

The main difference is that the input is Indian regional languages (the four South Indian languages plus Hinglish), and the output is polished 'workplace English', and it lives right inside the keyboard. Western products like Wispr and Typeless assume the user already speaks English and are built for speed; translation apps require switching and do literal translation. That difference is one reason it works, but not the whole story. What more likely explains reaching 2M installs is Supernova's parent user base and paid acquisition capacity. The approach itself (STT + LLM rewriting + keyboard extension) isn't a high barrier; others can copy it easily. The hard part is recovering acquisition costs in a low-priced Indian market.

6. Visibility and copycats

  • Superflow itself: no media coverage, 0 mentions on X, only a few Hindi tutorials with under a few thousand views. Few people know about it yet.
  • The parent company Supernova's revenue is public and being discussed ($9.5M ARR, on LinkedIn; a 9 crore/month Instagram reel). So the 'English anxiety in India' category is well known, and there are many competitors in English learning.
  • Copycats: I haven't seen anyone clearly copying the "Hindi→English phonetic keyboard" idea yet. On iOS, a batch of general-purpose AI voice keyboards launched in 2026 (GrammarFlow 2026-09, VoiBoard 2026-09, Spok3n 2026-07), and none of them have been measured.

VII. What to take away

  • The parent app's user base + adjacent 'instant-result' tools: first map users' anxieties through learning products, then build a tool that solves the problem immediately, sharing acquisition and monetization.
  • Turn Western efficiency tools into translation + rewriting tools for lower-tier markets: same tech stack, new pitch ('speak your language, send English'), aimed at people with weak English, priced at local levels.
  • Run market tests with localized store pages: in the Mexico store, switch the same app to Spanish descriptions and test 'Spanish → English'. The Android app has already reached #141 on the Mexico Tools Top Grossing chart. The same playbook could work in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Arabic-speaking markets.

VIII. Unknowns

  • Whether the main Supernova app funnels users to Superflow, and how much, is unverified.
  • No direct evidence on ad spend in India (our ad library doesn't cover India).
  • Superflow's own revenue: not on the iOS Top Grossing chart; on Android only #141 on the Mexico Tools Top Grossing chart. The in-app purchase tiers map to weekly / monthly / yearly; not verified.
  • Retention: too few and too generic reviews to judge long-term retention.

Sources

This article was written by AI from public data and the data we collect daily. Numbers are sourced, and inferences are labeled.