# Zero ratings, #5 on the Czech Top Paid chart: how an offline transcription app priced at $2.99 made it onto a small-country chart

> Source: https://stringers.io/en/apps/ios_6812950294.html (Stringers / 什么值得做, generated 2026-11-08)
> Stringers answers one question every day: what small product can one or two people build in a few months and actually make money from. Numbers come from 15 databases we collect daily, each with source and date.
> For agents: these verdicts and the underlying databases (verified revenue, App Store / Google Play charts, ad libraries, GitHub, Product Hunt…) are queryable live over MCP — tools today / hot / products / directions / direction / data. Setup: https://github.com/komako-workshop/stringers (the user logs in at stringers.io → "配置 agent" to get a personal URL). Site index: https://stringers.io/llms.txt

> It isn't really popular. Following the top Whisper Notes playbook, it renamed each storefront listing to the words locals actually search, cut prices to a third, and squeezed into the paid productivity charts in small countries where the bar is low. A few sales a day were enough to chart.

[Mobile App](https://stringers.io/en/apps/index.md) · iOS · written 11-6

V

Voice to Text Offline (German store name Sprache zu Text Offline) · 永青 朱

# Zero ratings, #5 on the Czech Top Paid chart: how an offline transcription app priced at $2.99 made it onto a small-country chart

**What it is** An offline voice-to-text iPhone app by an indie developer, a one-time $2.99 purchase. Local transcription, translation, summaries and Q&A, with no account and no uploads.

**Why it caught on** It didn't really. Following the leader Whisper Notes, it localized each store's name to the search terms locals actually use and cut the price to a third. That got it onto paid productivity charts in small countries, where the entry bar is low, and a few sales a day was enough to chart.

**C** **How you could follow it** Don't copy offline transcription, a category that's already crowded. Copy the playbook instead: find a tool category where subscriptions dominate and people are making money, build a one-time-purchase version on open-source models, localize local search terms and interface languages per store, and start with the small-country charts where the bar is low.

Grade C: the per-store renaming plus low pricing is worth learning and very cheap to copy, but the app itself has zero ratings and tiny volume. More than twenty similar offline transcription apps have launched in the past 2026 years, and Apple's and Google's free features are squeezing the category, so following it isn't worth much. Few people know about it yet

Data (updated daily) · launched 2026-09-21 · US store rating 0 · charted in 11-08 of 5 stores

iOS · Top Paid overall rank · By store

Norway Czechia

Data 2026-11-06 → 2026-11-07 (2 days, 2 observations). Lower rank is higher; gaps mean it wasn't charted that day

iOS · Number of stores charted (top 200 on any chart)

Data 2026-11-06 → 2026-11-07 (2 days, 2 observations)

iOS · rating count · US store

Number of ratings 0

Data day 2026-11-07, only 1 days so far. Apple doesn't give download counts, so rating growth is the proxy

Voice to Text Offline is an iPhone app that turns recordings into text without an internet connection, sold as a one-time $2.99 purchase. Six weeks after launch it has appeared on the paid productivity charts in Czechia, Sweden, South Korea, Norway and Germany, yet across all markets it has zero ratings. This piece covers how it got onto those charts, how big it really is, and whether this path is worth your time.

### One update, one more country

On Oct 27, 2026, the developer shipped version 1.5. The release notes open with "Transcribe now runs natively on iPhone Duo" (fold-screen support), and the second line is the one that matters: "The app now also speaks Japanese and Korean — every screen, every setting". In the same release, it renamed itself in the Korean store to "받아쓰기 노트" (Dictation Notes).

On Nov 5, it first appeared on the South Korean paid productivity chart, at #24. On Nov 6, on Apple's official charts, it ranked #50 in South Korea, #42 in Sweden (listed there as "Tal till text offline"), and #18 in Czechia. In the previous day's snapshot it had reached #5 in its category in Czechia and also placed #140 on the overall paid chart.

Charting in these markets is not hard. Its top competitor Whisper Notes ranked #1 in Czechia with only 22 ratings, and #8 in Norway with 6 ratings (App Store, 11-06).

### What it is

Record a meeting, a class or a voice memo and get a transcript; you can also import audio files. From there it translates, shows the original and translation side by side, writes a summary, or answers questions about the recording.

The store page is blunt about its selling points: "No account, no sign-in, no subscription" and "The app collects no data, that is the whole privacy policy." Technically it's stitched together from open-source models:

- Transcription uses Parakeet built in, covering 25 European languages and ready out of the box; for more languages you download Whisper large-v3-turbo, which supports 99 languages;

- Translation uses Apple's built-in system translation by default, with nothing extra to download on first use;

- Summaries and Q&A use an optional local model of about 1.22 GB (the report names it Qwen3); you can also import any .gguf model you already have.

The installer is about 610 MB. Prices: US $2.99, Germany/France/Italy €2.99, UK £2.99, Japan ¥500, South Korea ₩4,400, Czechia 79 CZK.

The developer is an individual account, "永青 朱", who has three other apps that all launched between 10 and November: the API debugging tool WireProbe, the construction checklist PunchDeck, and the bookkeeping app Paper. One keyword, one app, and every one has 0 ratings (App Store, 11-06).

### How big it really is

| Store | Store name | Paid productivity ranks (10-30 to 11-06) |
|---|---|---|
| Czechia | Voice to Text Offline | 11-06 #5 (overall Top Paid #140) |
| Sweden | Tal till text offline | #19 to #34 |
| South Korea | 받아쓰기 노트 | #24 to #33 |
| Norway | Voice to Text Offline | #13 to #36,11-06, then dropped off |
| Japan | 文字起こしメモ | 11-01 #39, sliding down to 134 before dropping off |
| Germany | Sprache zu Text Offline | Bouncing between #46 and #160 |
| US | Voice to Text Offline | Not in the top 100 |

(Daily App Store charts; ratings counted across all stores, and every day over 8 days was 0)

The rank jumps dozens of places a day while the rating count stays at 0. That's what selling between zero and a few copies a day looks like: a sale or two pushes it up, and when nobody buys the next day it falls back. My estimate is single-digit daily sales. This is inference; there are no verifiable revenue figures.

### Where users come from

- **Store search, with each store's name switched to the terms locals search for.** Confirmed. Germany uses Sprache zu Text Offline, France Voix en texte hors ligne, Italy Voce in testo offline, Sweden Tal till text offline, Japan 文字起こしメモ, South Korea 받아쓰기 노트. Interface languages were added in step: English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Swedish, 8 in all. In South Korea it first charted only after adding Korean and a Korean name.

- **Piggybacking on Whisper Notes.** Inferred. This per-store local naming is Whisper Notes' approach: its German listing is "Whisper Notes: Sprache zu Text" and its Swedish one is "Tal till Text". Someone searching "offline transcription" sees both at once, one at $7.99 (€8.99 in Germany) and the other at 2.99.

- **Content, creators, media, ads.** None found. Nobody on X mentions the app by name. On TikTok, searches for "offline transcription iphone app" and "Sprache zu Text App offline" show other brands in the top 20 results. Online there are only the store page and auto-generated pages on third-party data sites. At its scale and price, paid user acquisition wouldn't pay off either.

### Who it's competing with

| Product | Launched | Scale | Compared with alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whisper Notes(SmashMelon) | 2023-04 | 693 US ratings, 11-06 Top Paid Productivity in the US store at #8, #2 in Germany, #1 in Czechia; third-party estimated monthly revenue about $14k | Its prototype. Same offline, one-time purchase, per-store renaming model; has a Mac version, ratings, and review coverage. |
| Aiko(Sindre Sorhus) | 2023-03 | Charted in 79 stores, #40 in the US and #7 in Germany. | Built by a well-known developer; transcription only, and cheap. |
| Otter, Notta, Transkriptor and others. | 2018–2024 | Thousands to hundreds of thousands of ratings. | Cloud plus subscription. This one is the opposite: offline, no subscription. |
| Offline transcription apps launched in the past 2026 years. | 2026 | About 20 US-store apps have offline, local or private in their names (LocalWhisper, ScribeKit, KeepScribe, Just Transcribe. Offline…), and most have 0 to a few ratings. | Nearly identical selling points. |
| Apple Notes / Voice Memos transcription, Google AI Edge Eloquent. | System / big companies | Built into or free on every phone. | Free, with limited languages and features. |

Compared with Whisper Notes it adds local summaries, Q&A and custom model import, and lacks ratings, reputation and a Mac version. With zero ratings, though, there's no sign these features are driving anything. What pushed it onto the charts was its name and its price.

### If it were you

**The verdict:** This app didn't break out. It's a solid copycat, and its small-country chart positions don't reflect real demand. The part worth learning is the playbook: pick a paid tool that someone is already making money from as your anchor, write each store's name in local search terms, fill in the interface languages, price at a third of the competitor's, and target small-country charts with low entry bars. The offline transcription category itself is already crowded, so copying this app isn't worth much.

**Who it suits:** Indie developers who can put together an open-source-model app quickly and ship one tool a month, and people who understand multilingual ASO and are willing to tune names and keywords market by market.

**Who it doesn't suit:** Anyone hoping to make a living from an offline transcription app alone. The leader Whisper Notes has three years of accumulated ratings, Apple and Google are building free local dictation into their systems, and more than twenty similar apps have launched in the past 2026 years.

**How to do it:**

- Change the category, not the playbook: find other tools where subscriptions rule but users want to buy once (local OCR, scanning, photo organizing, offline translation), and build a one-time-purchase version on open-source models, with zero server cost.

- If you do build transcription, go after the parts it skips: a Mac version, or a version for one audience (doctors dictating, lawyers at hearings, reporters on interviews, language learners), with a name and screenshots that say only that one thing.

- Each time you add an interface language, swap in local search terms for that store at the same time. Start with low-barrier stores like the Nordics, Czechia, and Korea, and see which one holds a chart spot for a full week.

**How to get users:** Store search is the main channel: localized names plus keywords. Add a little Apple Search Ads on long-tail terms like "offline + transcribe" and "no subscription." A one-time-purchase tool badly needs ratings, so the first users must be asked for reviews. That is its clearest weakness right now.

**When to get in before it's too late:** Not urgent, but the field is getting crowded. Renaming per store takes no skill, and new offline transcription apps launch every month this year. Each Apple system update that adds built-in transcription shrinks the room for paid offline tools.

**What would show this read is wrong:** If over the next month or two it holds steady in Germany or the US, climbs past #30 in Top Paid Productivity, and its ratings start rising, then low pricing plus local names can carve out a niche here, and the bar is lower than this analysis assumes. If it drops off every chart within a few weeks, the small-country rankings were just noise from a few sales a day.

[iOS store page ↗](https://apps.apple.com/app/id6812950294)

**Research notes: competitor table, acquisition evidence, full research report**

Competitors

| Name | Where | Launched | Scale | How it differs from this one |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whisper Notes(SmashMelon) | iOS | 2023-04 | US: 693 ratings, #6 in Top Paid Productivity; charted in 99 stores; $7.99; IdeaWave estimates MRR around $14K | Its prototype: same offline one-time purchase, same local-name trick per store. This app is about 60% cheaper, adds local LLM summaries and Q&A, and can import .gguf models, but it has no rating history and no Mac version. |
| Aiko(Sindre Sorhus) | iOS | 2023-03 | Charted in 79 stores, with at most 329 ratings in any single store | Made by a well-known developer, transcription only. This app adds translation, summaries, and Q&A. |
| Otter | iOS | 2018 | Across 101 stores, roughly 154K ratings combined | Cloud-based, subscription, built for meeting collaboration. This app is fully local and one-time purchase. |
| Notta / Transkriptor / Miraa | iOS | 2019–2024 | Thousands to 30k ratings | Cloud plus subscription. This app is offline with no subscription. |
| Just Transcribe. Offline and about 2026 years of new local transcription apps (LocalWhisper, ScribeKit, KeepScribe, and roughly 20 others) | iOS | 2026-01 to 11 | Almost all have only 0 to a few ratings | The pitch is nearly identical. This app's edge is in localized store names, low pricing, and its model mix. |
| Apple Notes / Voice Memos transcription, Apple Intelligence | Big-company features | iOS 18(2024) | Built into every iPhone | Free, but limited in languages and features. This app supports 25 to 99 languages and adds translation and Q&A. |
| Google AI Edge Eloquent | Big-company features | 2026 | Several TikTok explainer videos with tens of thousands of views | Google's free offline dictation. This app is paid and focuses on recording transcription and translation. |
| MacWhisper / VoiceInk / FluidVoice | Open source | 2023–2026 | Well known in the Mac scene | Desktop-only. This app is iPhone and iPad only. |

Where users come from

- **Verified** **Store search: local name in each store** : de Sprache zu Text Offline, se Tal till text offline, fr Voix en texte hors ligne, jp 文字起こしメモ, kr 받아쓰기 노트 (Apple lookup 11-06). The Korean store first charted (11-05) only after a Korean interface was added in 10-27.

- Inference **Undercut Whisper Notes on search traffic** : in each store's Top Paid Productivity chart, the apps ranking above it include Whisper Notes ($7.99 vs $2.99).

- Inference **Content, creators, press, X** : nothing found on x-radar, TikTok, or the web.

- Inference **Ads** : no evidence. Zero ratings plus $2.99 can't fund paid acquisition.

## Why Voice to Text Offline (German name "Sprache zu Text Offline") charts at all

Data sources: App Store library across all 115 storefronts (charts and snapshots), 2026-10-30 to 11-06; Apple lookup API, checked on 11-06 for us/de/fr/it/gb/jp/kr/se/no/cz/tw/cn; Jina web search; x-radar (X, past 90 days); TikHub (TikTok).

### Bottom line

It **hasn't really taken off** . After 6 weeks live, it has **0 ratings** across all stores. It only holds a chart spot because it entered the **small-country Paid · Productivity charts** , where a few sales a day can reach the top 50. Its playbook copies the leader, Whisper Notes: local search terms in each store (German: Sprache zu Text Offline; Swedish: Tal till text offline; Japanese: 文字起こしメモ; Korean: 받아쓰기 노트), priced at about a third of Whisper Notes ($/€2.99 vs their 7.99), capturing the "offline + no subscription" demand from store search. The product itself is solid: Parakeet is built in, Whisper and Qwen3 are optional downloads, you can import your own .gguf, and translation uses Apple's system translation. But at least 20 other offline transcription apps have launched in the past 2026 years. Anyone can copy this playbook, and the volume it brings is very small.

### 1. Basics

- Developer: Qing Zhu (developer_id 1506537661, individual account). The account currently has 4 apps, all launched between 2026 9 and November: Voice to Text Offline (9-21, $2.99), WireProbe: API & HTTP Client (10-20, $0.99), Punch List Report: PunchDeck (10-20, free), Paper: Checkbook Register (11-01, free). Ratings are all 0 (Apple lookup, 11-06). A Google search snippet also links this account to a former app, "Épure-Nettoyeur Photo & Vidéo" (a photo cleanup app), which can no longer be found (unverified). Judging by the account ID, the account was opened around 2020. This is an individual developer who ships fast, one app per keyword.

- Pricing: US $2.99, de/fr/it €2.99, gb £2.99, jp ¥500, kr ₩4,400, se/no 39 kr, cz 79 Kč, tw NT$90, one-time purchase. Not listed in the cn store (lookup returns nothing).

- Version: current 1.5(10-27). This release adds Japanese and Korean UI and adapts to the "iPhone Duo" (foldable). The interface comes in 8 languages: English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Swedish. Package size is about 657 MB (appstore library, app_snapshot).

- Selling points (store description): no account, no subscription, no company server, and the privacy policy says it "collects no data." Parakeet is built in (25 European languages, runs on the Neural Engine). Whisper large-v3-turbo can be downloaded in one go (99 languages). Translation uses Apple's built-in system translation by default, with an optional local model of about 1.22 GB (Qwen3) for translation, summaries, and asking questions about recordings. Any .gguf model can be imported.

### 2. Growth data

- **Rating count** : 0 across all stores, 0 new in the last 7 days (appstore library daily_all_countries, 10-30 to 11-06, 0 every day). Not a single review since launch.

- **Charted** : only in the Paid · Productivity category (genre 6007). It has never made any overall chart (appstore library app_day):
    - Germany: on the chart every day from 10-30 to 11-06, but its rank bounced between #46 and #160 (10-30 #59,11-04, #160,11-05, #46,11-06, #83).
    - Norway: between #13 and #36 from 11-01 to 11-05, then dropped off the chart in 11-06.
    - Japan: #39 on 11-01, slid steadily to #134 by 11-04, then fell off the chart.
    - Sweden: #19 on 11-04, #34 on 11-06.
    - Korea: #24 on 11-05, #33 on 11-06.
    - Czechia: 11-06 category, #5 on the Top Paid overall chart, #140 on the overall chart. This is its only appearance on the overall chart in our database.
    - **US store** : the library has no record of it on any chart. The recall reason's claim of "#109 in US Paid Productivity" **can't be found** in our data (unverified).

- **What this ranking means** : it swings wildly every day between a few dozen spots, and its ratings have stayed at 0. That fits an app selling zero to a few copies a day: a sale or two pushes it up, and when nobody buys the next day it drops. For comparison, Whisper Notes was #1 in Czechia with only 22 ratings, and #8 in Norway with only 6 ratings (appstore library app_profile, 11-06). The bar to chart in these stores' Paid Productivity categories is that low.

### 3. Competitors

| Competitors | Where | Launched | Scale | How it differs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whisper Notes(SmashMelon LLC) | iOS/Mac | 2023-04 | US: 693 ratings, #6 in Paid Productivity; charted in 99 stores, best rank #1; US $7.99, Germany €8.99; IdeaWave estimates MRR around $14K | **Its prototype** : offline, one-time purchase, local names per store (German "Sprache zu Text", Swedish "Tal till Text", Korean "오프라인 AI 음성 인식"). This app is about 60% cheaper and adds local LLM summaries, Q&A, and custom model import. Whisper Notes has a Mac version, built-up ratings, and media reviews. |
| Aiko(Sindre Sorhus) | iOS/Mac | 2023-03 | Charted in 79 stores, best category rank #1, highest single-store rating count 329 | Made by a well-known developer, transcription only, and cheap. This app adds translation, summaries, and Q&A. |
| Otter | iOS/web | 2018 | Across 101 stores, roughly 154K ratings combined | Cloud-based, subscription, built for meeting collaboration. This app is fully local and one-time purchase. |
| Cloud transcription from Notta, Transkriptor, Miraa, and others | iOS | 2019–2024 | Thousands to 30k ratings | Free download plus subscription, cloud-based. This app takes the opposite approach: offline, no subscription. |
| Just Transcribe. Offline(Daan Schreurs) | iOS | 2026-06 | 1 ratings | Nearly identical pitch (no cloud, no account, no tracking) and free. This app is paid, with more features. |
| New "offline / local transcription" apps launched in 2026 years | iOS | 2026-01 to 11 | The US store alone has 20 apps with offline/local/private plus transcribe/to text in the name (e.g. Private Transcriber Offline, LocalWhisper, ScribeKit, KeepScribe; appstore library app table). Apps with transcri/speech to text/voice to text in the name launched 234 over the past 2026 years. | Very crowded. This app's edge is only in localized store names, price, and model mix. |
| Built-in transcription in Apple Notes / Voice Memos, Apple Intelligence summaries | Big-company features | iOS 18 (2024) and up | Every iPhone has it. TikTok videos on "iPhone Notes can transcribe" have 340K views. | Free, but limited by language and device. This app supports 25 to 99 languages, imports audio, and adds translation and Q&A. |
| Google AI Edge Eloquent | Big-company features | 2026 | Several TikTok explainer videos (tens of thousands of views) | Google's free offline dictation, squeezing the room for paid offline tools even further |
| MacWhisper, VoiceInk, FluidVoice, and others | Mac/open source | 2023–2026 | well known in the Mac scene | Desktop-only. This app is iPhone and iPad only. |

### 4. Where users come from

- **Store search, with a local name per storefront** (confirmed): each storefront uses the name locals actually search for: de "Sprache zu Text Offline", fr "Voix en texte hors ligne", it "Voce in testo offline", se "Tal till text offline", jp "文字起こしメモ", kr "받아쓰기 노트"; us, gb, cz, no, tw use the English name "Voice to Text Offline" (Apple lookup, 11-06). The Korean storefront only charted for the first time 10-27 after it added a Korean UI and a Korean name (11-05). The approach is the same one Whisper Notes takes with its localized naming.

- **Low-price poaching** (inferred): ahead of it on the paid category chart is Whisper Notes (Germany #2, Czechia #1, Sweden #4, Korea #5). A user searching "offline transcription" sees both, and this app only needs to be 2.99.

- **Creators, influencers, X, Reddit, press** : none found. x-radar returns nothing for the name in the last 90 days; on TikTok, searches for "offline transcription iphone app" and "Sprache zu Text App offline" turn up other apps in the first 20 results; the only web hits are the App Store page and auto-generated pages from Similarweb and Appfigures. There is a Reddit giveaway thread for "Voice to Text Offline Recorder," but that is a different $49.99 app, not this one.

- **Ads** : no evidence found. Its scale and zero ratings, plus a price of $2.99, make paid acquisition unlikely to be what is driving it.

- **New devices, platform events** : version 1.5 pitches compatibility with the "iPhone Duo," so it may be trying to ride new-device editorial attention, but no feature has been found (unverified).

### 5. Why it can chart at all

1. The paid category chart is very low-bar in small countries: Whisper Notes reached #22 in Czechia with just 1 ratings, and this app ranks #5 with only 0 ratings (appstore database, 11-06).

2. Each storefront gets a local search term, which catches search traffic in Germany, Sweden, Norway, Japan, Korea and Czechia separately (Apple lookup).

3. The price is about a third of the leader's, and it pitches a one-time purchase with no subscription and no uploads, which directly targets the subscription model most of this category uses.

4. The product holds up and is even more complete: built-in Parakeet works out of the box, optional Whisper and Qwen3 are available, and it can import .gguf files. Translation, summaries and Q&A are all in one app (store description).

### 6. Differentiation

Compared with Whisper Notes, its main edge is that it is **cheaper** , plus **local LLM summaries and Q&A, importable custom .gguf models, and system translation so the first translation needs no download** . Compared with cloud transcription, it needs no account, no subscription, and works fully offline. But the traction it has shown on the chart mostly comes from **distribution tactics** (localized names plus low pricing). With zero ratings, the feature differences cannot yet be shown to drive anything, and 2026 years on there are already more than 20 similar new apps, all of whose differences are easy to copy.

### 7. How many people know it

**Few people know about it yet** : no press coverage, no mentions on X or TikTok, revenue not disclosed, and the rating count is 0. The one that has been seen and had its revenue estimated is its prototype, Whisper Notes (IdeaWave's public estimate puts MRR around $14K, and several reviews and "best offline transcription" roundups cover it). The category itself is already crowded.

### 8. What others can learn

- Pick a paid tool category that has been validated (use Whisper Notes as the anchor), and build a version with more features at a lower price.

- Write each storefront's name as the local search term, then add the missing interface languages (each extra language adds another storefront to the chart, Korea being the example), and target small-country paid category charts with low barriers.

- Combine open models (Parakeet, Whisper, Qwen3) with Apple's built-in translation, and one person can quickly ship a fully featured offline app with zero server costs.

### 9. Still unclear

- Real sales: can't be inferred from zero ratings; estimated at single digits per day.

- The recall card's claim of #109 in the US is not in our database.

- Whether it was featured by editors or ran Apple Search Ads: no data.

- Why the developer's earlier photo-cleaning app disappeared, and what this account did before: not verified.

### Sources

- appstore database (agent-im server): app_day, chart_rank, app_profile, app_snapshot/app_text, app, app_name, 2026-10-30 through 11-06

- Apple lookup: [itunes.apple.com/lookup?id=6812950294&country=](https://itunes.apple.com/lookup?id=6812950294&country=)<cc>; developer: [itunes.apple.com/lookup?id=1506537661&entity=software](https://itunes.apple.com/lookup?id=1506537661&entity=software)

- IdeaWave Whisper Notes page: [ideawave.io/apps/whisper-notes-speech-to-text](https://ideawave.io/apps/whisper-notes-speech-to-text)

- Similarweb auto-generated page: [www.similarweb.com/zh/app/apple/6812950294/germany/](https://www.similarweb.com/zh/app/apple/6812950294/germany/)

- Developer store page (search snippet): [apps.apple.com/us/developer/%E6%B0%B8%E9%9D%92-%E6%9C%B1/id1…](https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/%E6%B0%B8%E9%9D%92-%E6%9C%B1/id1506537661?l=fr-FR)

- TikHub TikTok search, x-radar search (11-06)

This article was written by AI from public data and the data we collect daily. Numbers are sourced, and inferences are labeled.