Stringers
Mobile App · Android · written 11-6
Livrim · Livrim

Skoob's old users lost their reading dates, and two Brazilians caught a small batch of them: Livrim, a reading social app, 12k installs

What it is: a Brazilian Portuguese reading tracker and reading social app: shelves, reviews, friend activity, reading goals, a nicer and more stable Skoob.

Why it took off: after Skoob's 2025-09 redesign lost reading records, old users went looking for alternatives. Livrim is the closest to Skoob, can one-click import Goodreads and Skoob data, and its official account replies to almost every post on X and Bluesky, while readers pull each other in.

CHow you could follow it: don't copy it in Brazil; look for old communities in other languages or hobby circles that got worse after being acquired, rebuild a modern version, and put data import first. Beyond word of mouth, you must pair it with proactive growth like TikTok creators.

Grade C: the method of catching the window is worth learning, but this Brazilian window is already split among five or six players like Ziggur, Paginei, and PocketBooks, and Skoob is still around; Livrim alone has 12k installs, with only thin affiliate commissions and small in-app purchases, so copying it is not very worthwhile. Few people know about it yet
Data (updated daily) · first launch 2026-09-14 · 11-07 installs 12,267
Android · Total installs worldwide
11k12k12k12k10-3011-0111-0311-0511-0712k
Data 2026-10-30 → 2026-11-07 (9 days, 9 observations). Google's detail page only refreshes install counts every other day, so a flat day doesn't mean nobody installed.

Livrim is a Brazilian Portuguese reading-tracker and reading social app. It basically rebuilds Skoob, the long-running Brazilian reading community, making it nicer and more stable, with one-click import of old data. It is far from a hit: 12k cumulative installs on Google Play, a hundred-plus per day. What's worth watching is how it got started. An old community that had been around for over a decade got worse after an acquisition, and after a year of built-up resentment, two indie developers picked up a small share from those who left, through replying to every post and a long beta. Anyone wanting to copy it should know the biggest winner from this wave is not it.

A long post with 52 likes

In 2026, June 22, a Bluesky reader named karol in Brazil posted a long thread that opened with: "Recommend Livrim, an app made by readers for readers." Below it, point by point: you can record reading, set goals, organize shelves and lists, add friends; you can import Goodreads data directly into your shelves (Maratona and other apps using the same export format work too); books missing from the catalog can be added manually and go live after review; there is a new-books and pre-order section, and tapping through goes to Amazon links, "buying through the pre-order links, the app gets a small commission from Amazon"; and finally a reminder that the app isn't officially launched yet and you can only join the closed beta via livrim.app.

The post got 52 likes and 16 reposts. At a time when Livrim's own Bluesky account had only 37 followers, this was its most effective content. In Jul 11, karol posted again: "Friends of Livrim, leave your username or link here so we can find each other over there." That's how Livrim grew early on: readers pulled each other in on X and Bluesky and moved their shelves over.

What it is and who made it

There's nothing new in the features: shelves split into reading / read / want to read / dropped, progress tracked by pages or percentage, star ratings and reviews, a friend activity feed, public reading profiles, yearly goals and stats. The Oct 30 release added reading time, monthly summaries, sharing reviews and quotes to Stories, three-level shelf privacy, an "already own" tag, and a dark theme. It is available on Android, iOS, and web (my.livrim.app), Portuguese only.

The store developer was later changed to the company LIVRIM TECNOLOGIA LTDA, with the individual name Brandon Silva. The official account said in Sep 11 that "we are a two-person indie team," so there are likely two people behind it.

Timeline: account registered on X in May; Android public beta and iOS TestFlight in June; in Jul 14 the official account said "over a thousand downloads of the beta on both platforms"; in Aug 17 Android opened to more countries; in Sep 5 the iOS app launched officially, and in Sep 14 the Play listing went live.

Scale

DatePlay cumulative installsSource
7-14Over 1,000 combined beta downloads across both platformsOfficial Bluesky
9-197,732Third-party estimate
10-1010,220Third-party estimate
10-2411,163Third-party estimate
11-0612,267 (last 7 days, +1,032)Google Play

Before the official launch it already had 7,700 installs, meaning most of the volume was built during the beta from 6 to September, not after launch. From October it has been adding about 50 to 150 per day, with no acceleration. The +757 on Nov 3 is a combined figure because Play refreshes only every two days, not a single-day spike.

It has only charted in one store: 11-06 ranked #131 in the Brazil Books Top Free chart (Google Play). The iOS Brazil store has only 17 ratings, and its highest point in the Books free category was #48. I found no sign of paid acquisition, and the install curve is flat with no sudden jumps (inference: no ad library records were seen, so it can't be fully ruled out).

Why now: Skoob broke

Skoob is the default choice for Brazil's reading community, around for 2009 years, with 4.69M installs and 150k ratings on Play, still adding about 1,500 new installs a day today (Google Play, 11-06). In 2024 August it was bought from Americanas by the ebook platform Skeelo, and in 2025 Sep 23 it had a major redesign, which the official account itself admitted "brought some instability."

Complaints kept coming for the next year. On Reddit's r/Livros someone asked "Is Skoob completely finished?", a blogger said that after fifteen or sixteen years on Skoob, finished-book dates were lost, and on Reclame Aqui someone complained that "my PLUS points were taken." On X, one user wrote: "Officially moved to Livrim. Unhappy with Skoob for years... books I've read started disappearing, dates never saved properly, and got scrambled." Another asked "besides Skoob, what does everyone use?" and someone replied with Livrim.

Where users come from

  1. Catching the people leaving Skoob. This is the root cause. Livrim is the closest to Skoob among these alternatives, with social shelves, reviews, and friend activity all there, so old users can move over without relearning.
  2. Making the move as cheap as possible. Built-in CSV import for Goodreads / Maratona formats. Someone in the community even made a Chrome extension, "Skoob para Goodreads e Livrim," to export a Skoob shelf into a format Livrim accepts, updated to 1.7.0 in Aug 26. When third parties write migration tools for you, it means you've become one of the default destinations.
  3. The official account replies to nearly everything. @livrim_app registered in May and has posted 1,624 tweets so far, mostly replies to users: removing books people imported by mistake, explaining why covers are missing, teasing the next version. From 6 to October it shipped a version roughly every two or three weeks, each with a long post on "what's new." Users come to feel it's "our app."
  4. A long beta with a special badge. A beta of over three months, ending with a post saying "sign up before Sep 16 and get an exclusive badge," later extended to Sep 20.
  5. Very little video. A YouTube reviewer, Resenhando Sonhos, "testing new reading apps: Livrim, Paginei, DeadBooks" got 9,130 views; the biggest TikTok recommendation got 5,172 views, and the official account has 68 followers. On Reddit someone wrote: "Livrim feels a lot like Skoob, but I think it's better... the interface is beautiful."

Where the money comes from

Still no clear money. Play marks it as containing ads and in-app purchases, with in-app prices of $1.49 to $25.99, and I couldn't confirm what is sold. The other revenue is Amazon affiliate commission from the pre-order section, which karol's post spelled out, and at the end of September the official account was promoting "the October new-book pre-order list is updated." For a reading-tracker product, affiliate income can be estimated: for a community with only ten to twenty thousand users, roughly tens to hundreds of dollars a month (inference).

Who it's competing with

After Skoob broke, a batch of alternatives appeared in Brazil in the first half of 2026, and Livrim is just one of them:

ProductScale (11-06)Approach
Skoob(Skeelo)Play 4.69M, still about 1,500 new installs a dayAn old-guard community whose reputation dropped after the redesign, but its book catalog and friend connections are still there
ZiggurPlay 49,862; iOS Brazil Books Top Grossing #412026-06 launched, built on achievements, reading time, and gamification, sells subscriptions ($8.99–$99), acquires users through TikTok creators (190k views per video)
Cabeceira(TAG Livros)Play 1.37MA reading-tracking tool from a book club, with weak social features
PocketBooksPlay 5,958AI reading diary + daily streaks + mascot, subscription
PagineiiOS Brazil: 7 ratings"Duolingo for reading," tracks how many pages you read each day
Dead BooksiOS Brazil: 3 ratingsA dark / horror-themed reading tracker
Goodreads, StoryGraph, FablePlay 32.6M / 1.89M / 1.68MMostly English, no Brazilian localization

Ziggur, which started at the same time as Livrim, got 4 times the volume and has already started taking payments on iOS. The difference is acquisition: Livrim relies only on reading-community word of mouth, while Ziggur goes after TikTok creators.

Why it stalled at 12k

Reading social apps have network effects: book catalogs, reviews, and friend connections are still on Skoob. Most people only complain, and few actually move. Livrim targets only the old users who want to move over as-is, and that caps its ceiling; it has no acquisition channel of its own and hasn't done TikTok. No media has covered it yet, its revenue isn't public, and only Brazil's reading community knows it exists.

If it were you

One-line verdict: Don't go after Brazil against Livrim. Five or six players are already splitting the same defecting users there, and Skoob itself hasn't died. What's worth copying is how it caught the window: when a regional legacy community gets acquired and degrades, rebuild a modern version, and make data import the first thing you ship.

Who it's for: someone who knows a non-English reading community (or another hobby circle: binge-watching, anime, birdwatching, board game logging), is a heavy user themselves, and is willing to live in the community and reply to posts every day, alone or with one or two others.

Who it's not for: anyone who wants to make money from this. Reading-log money is thin. Affiliate commissions and small in-app purchases can't support a full-time job. To earn, you need a subscription like Ziggur's, and you'd also have to make TikToks yourself. If you don't want to do community management, skip this, because the whole approach depends on it.

How to do it: Start by picking the target. You want a product with a local legacy community of ten-plus years that was recently acquired or heavily redesigned, with a string of "lost my data", "the redesign is hard to use" complaints you can find in app store reviews and on Reddit. Then do three things: import data from the old platform and Goodreads, where the import must not fail; keep the bookshelf exactly as long-time users know it; and run a long beta in which early users get badges.

How to get users: Find your first users where the old platform's users are venting: X, Bluesky, Reddit, the app store's one-star reviews. Reply to them one by one, and turn the migration guide into a long post. The second step must be an active channel. BookTok, the TikTok book creators, is the most ready-made option, and Ziggur has already shown this works in Brazil.

When the window closes: This kind of window follows the old platform's collapse. Once the old platform is fixed, or the first replacement becomes the default for everyone, the window is shut. It usually lasts about a year (my estimate). Brazil's window is already crowded.

What would prove us wrong: if Livrim keeps going past 50k installs and holds a few hundred a day before early 2027, or charts in Brazil's Books top grossing, then the "social bookshelf that feels like the old platform" path runs further than we thought. The other way: if Skoob fixes its problems, users drift back, and Livrim's daily installs fall to a few dozen, the window is shorter than it looks.

---

Data and sources: Google Play store page, Brazil charts, and install counts (11-06); the first-party install figure from October is a third-party estimate, 9–October; App Store Brazil rating and charts (11-06); Livrim's official Bluesky and X @livrim_app; karol (@withmiyy)'s long Bluesky post (2026-06-22, 07-11); Reddit r/Livros discussion (only the search snippets were read); the YouTube review by Resenhando Sonhos; the Chrome extension "Skoob para Goodreads e Livrim"; reporting on Skoob's acquisition (PublishNews 2024-08-20, Exame) and its redesign announcement; Ziggur's TikTok view counts. Revenue scale, whether they buy paid acquisition, and the length of the window are inferences or unverified.

Android store page ↗

Research notes: competitor table, acquisition evidence, full research report
Competitors
NameWhereLaunchedScaleHow it differs from this one
Skoob(Skeelo)Android2009(Play 2015)Play 4.69M installs, 150k ratings, still about 1,500 new installs a day; iOS Brazil 59,540 ratingsA legacy Brazilian reading social network, acquired by Skeelo in 2024; after its 2025-09 redesign it became unstable and lost data. Livrim is its modern version, built to catch the users it lost.
ZiggurAndroid2026-06Play 49,862 installs; iOS Brazil 221 ratings, #41 in the books bestseller categoryTakes a gamified + productivity tool + subscription route ($8.99–$99), gets users through TikTok creators (190k views on a single video). Its scale is 4× Livrim's, and it's already making money.
Cabeceira(TAG Livros)Android2019Play 1.37M; iOS Brazil 31,325 ratingsA reading-tracking tool from a book club, with weak social features
GoodreadsBig-company features2007Play 32.6MOwned by Amazon. Mainly English, with weak Portuguese catalogue and community. Livrim can import its data.
StoryGraph / Fable / BooklyAndroid2018–2021Play 1.89M / 1.68M / 670kA Goodreads alternative for the English market. Not localized for Brazil.
PocketBooksAndroid2026-06Play 5,958AI reading journal + daily streaks + mascot, subscription model
PagineiiOS2025-10iOS Brazil: 7 ratingsLogs pages read per day and streaks, Duolingo-style
Dead BooksiOS2026-05iOS Brazil: 3 ratingsA dark / horror-themed reading tracker
Where users come from
  • Verified Skoob user exodus (platform event): After Skoob's 2025-09-23 redesign, the company itself admitted it was unstable. A Reddit thread asks "Is Skoob completely finished?". An X user wrote "officially moved to Livrim... books I read started disappearing and the dates got scrambled".
  • Verified X / Bluesky reading-community word of mouth + official account management: @livrim_app signed up 2026-05, has posted 1,624 tweets, most of them replies to users. karol's 6-22 Bluesky recommendation post got 52 likes and 16 reposts. The official account said 8-19 "a lot of people have come in the last few days".
  • Verified Migration tools: The app has built-in CSV import from Goodreads / Maratona. A third-party Chrome extension, "Skoob para Goodreads e Livrim", was updated to v1.7.0 on 2026-08-26.
  • Verified Beta scarcity + exclusive badges: Over 3 months of TestFlight / Play beta. Users who signed up before 9-16 got a badge; this was later pushed to 9-20 (Bluesky, quenty.com.br).
  • Verified YouTube / TikTok reviews: A Resenhando Sonhos video comparing Livrim, Paginei and DeadBooks has 9,130 views. The biggest TikTok recommendation has 5,172 views, and the official account has 68 followers.
  • Inferred Paid acquisition: It charts in only one Brazilian store, with a flat curve. I found no evidence of paid spend. The ad library doesn't track it, so this can't be fully ruled out.

Why Livrim (app.livrim) is working

Channel: Google Play (also iOS and a web version). Research date 2026-11-06. Numbers include their source. "googleplay library" / "appstore library" refer to our own DuckDB databases, and "AppstoreSpy estimate" means historical data filled in from the app_day_ext table of the googleplay library.

Bottom line

Livrim is a Brazilian Portuguese reading-log and reading-social app (competing with Skoob / Goodreads), built by Brazilian indie developer Brandon Silva (later listed under LIVRIM TECNOLOGIA LTDA). It has not really taken off so far: 12k cumulative installs on Play, currently around 150 new installs a day. The volume comes from Skoob (Brazil's largest reading social network, 10M users, acquired from Americanas by Skeelo in 2024) becoming buggy and losing data after its redesign starting in 2025-09, which pushed a group of long-time users to look for alternatives. Livrim caught a small share of them on Brazil's BookTwitter / Bluesky by positioning itself as "readers building for readers", with a good-looking interface, Goodreads / Skoob import, exclusive beta badges, and near-weekly updates. The largest player in the same wave was actually Ziggur (49.9k on Play, already on Brazil's books bestseller chart on iOS), not Livrim.

1. Data: how big it is and when it arrived

DatePlay cumulative installsSource
2026-07-14"Beta downloads on both platforms have already passed 1,000"Official Bluesky post
2026-09-197,732AppstoreSpy estimate
2026-10-03 → 10-049,433 → 9,868 (roughly 2,100 more from 9-27 to 10-04)AppstoreSpy estimate
2026-10-1010,220AppstoreSpy estimate; chrome-stats shows the same figure
2026-10-2411,163AppstoreSpy estimate
2026-11-0612,267 (last 7 days, +1,032)googleplay library
  • The store page lists the launch date as 9-14, but the Android public beta opened in June (the Bluesky post 7-26 already linked the Play listing), and 9-19 already had 7,700 installs. So most of the volume was built up during the 6–September beta period, not after the official launch. 8-19 The official account said "a lot of people have come in the last few days"; 8-17 Android opened to several regions worldwide.
  • Since October it has been adding about 50–150 installs a day, with no sign of acceleration. The +757 on the card for 11-03 is a two-day total (the Play detail page refreshes roughly every two days), not a single-day spike.
  • Ratings: Play 4.8 stars with 9 ratings (Play Brazil page); iOS Brazil 17 ratings, highest in the free books category at #48 (appstore library); the store page shows "Books #74". Play is marked "Contains ads" and "In-app purchases", with in-app purchases at $1.49–$25.99 (googleplay library). What they sell hasn't been confirmed. Another revenue source is the "new books / pre-orders" section in the app, which links to Amazon (mentioned in a long post by Bluesky user karol 6-22; likely carries affiliate commissions, unverified).
  • It only charts in one Brazilian store: #131 in the Brazil free books chart (googleplay library, 11-06).

2. Competitors

ProductWhereLaunchedScaleHow it differs from Livrim
Skoob(Skeelo)Android / iOS / web2009(App 2015)Play 4.69M installs, 150k ratings, 4.37 stars; iOS Brazil 59,540 ratings; still about 1,500 new installs a day (googleplay / appstore libraries)A long-established Brazilian reading social network with book swaps and PLUS points. Acquired by Skeelo in 2024-08, and after its major 2025-09-23 redesign it became unstable and lost reading dates. Reclame Aqui has complaints like "they confiscated my PLUS points". Livrim is feeding on its defecting users.
Ziggur (team of Yuri Nunes / Gregório Galindo)Android / iOS2026-06Play 49,862 installs; iOS Brazil 221 ratings and #41 in the books bestseller category (googleplay / appstore libraries, 11-06)Goes with an achievements, reading-time, "turn reading into measurable progress" productivity-tool + gamification approach, sold by subscription (in-app purchases $8.99–$99). Gets users through TikTok creators and the studio's own accounts (gregorio1337's video has 190k views). Its scale is 4× Livrim's, and it's already making money.
Cabeceira(TAG Livros)Android / iOS2019Play 1.37M; iOS Brazil 31,325 ratingsA reading tracker from a book club, focused on reading pace and goals, with weak social features.
Goodreads(Amazon)All platforms2007Play 32.6MMainly English, with a weak Portuguese catalogue and community. Livrim supports direct CSV import from Goodreads.
StoryGraph / Fable / BooklyAll platforms2018–2021Play 1.89M / 1.68M / 670kA Goodreads alternative for the English market, not localized into Brazilian Portuguese.
PocketBooksAndroid / iOS2026-06Play 5,958; iOS 9 ratingsAI reading journal + daily streaks + mascot, subscription model
Paginei(Kaio Piola)Android / iOSiOS 2025-10iOS 7 ratings; Play hasn't charted"Duolingo for reading": logs how many pages you read each day and your streak, with community and reading groups.
Dead Books(Rodrigo Castro)iOS / Android2026-053 iOS ratingsA dark / horror-themed reading tracker
Liberi, perLibre, Maratona, etc.Web / AppMixedSmallLiberi offers Skoob import, and perLibre pitches itself as a "free, ad-free Skoob alternative".

Key takeaway: several people in Brazil are building in this space at the same time. Ziggur, PocketBooks, Dead Books and Livrim all emerged in the first half of 2026, clustered right after Skoob's redesign broke things. Livrim sits in the second tier by size but has the best word of mouth and community vibe (a Reddit r/Livros user said "Livrim is very similar, but I think it's better... the interface is beautiful"; the YouTube creator Resenhando Sonhos's "Reviewing new reading apps: Livrim, Paginei, DeadBooks" video has 9,130 views).

3. Where users came from (growth tactics)

  1. Skoob user exodus (platform event), confirmed. 2025-09-23 Skoob went through a major redesign, and the company itself admitted "the redesign brought some instability". Reddit then had posts asking "Is Skoob completely finished?"; a blogger said that after 15–16 years on Skoob, they lost their reading-completion dates. X user @luvinha_preta wrote "officially moved to Livrim, I've been unhappy with Skoob for years... books I read started disappearing, dates were never saved and got scrambled"; another user asked "what do you use besides Skoob?" and was told to try Livrim.
  2. Brazil's BookTwitter / Bluesky word-of-mouth + hands-on official account care — proven. @livrim_app registered 2026-05, has posted 1,624 tweets (mostly replying to users, collecting feedback, sharing updates); the Bluesky account has 37 followers. The most effective single post was a long recommendation thread for Livrim by user karol (@withmiyy) 6-22 (52 likes, 16 retweets), covering the beta link, Goodreads import, and the pre-order section. TikTok is tiny: the official account has 68 followers, and user portal.urithiru's recommendation video got 5,172 views (TikHub).
  3. Migration tools cut the cost of switching platforms: confirmed. Livrim has built-in CSV import for Goodreads / Maratona formats, and someone in the community made a Chrome extension, "Skoob para Goodreads e Livrim" (by offlinewithus, updated 2026-08-26 to 1.7.0), that exports Skoob shelves in a format Livrim can import. That means third parties already treat Livrim as a default landing spot for Skoob defectors.
  4. Beta scarcity and badges: confirmed. Over 3 months of TestFlight / Play beta, the team posted "register before 16 and get an exclusive badge," then extended it to 9-20 (quenty.com.br compiled the discussion on X).
  5. YouTube reviews: confirmed, but small reach. The Resenhando Sonhos video went up about 4 months ago and has 9,130 views.
  6. Paid acquisition: no evidence found. It charted in only one Brazilian store, the install curve is smooth with no sudden spikes, and no ad library tracked it, so it can't be fully ruled out. The roughly 2,100 installs added between 9-27 and 10-04 are unexplained.

4. Why it took off

  • Timing: In Brazil, Skoob was the default choice for logging reading. After 2025-09 redesigned it and it started breaking and losing data, a year's worth of frustration built up, and long-time users began actively looking for alternatives.
  • Positioning: Livrim isn't another "reading streak" tracker. It rebuilds the social bookshelf in Skoob's image (shelf status, reviews, friend activity, likes and comments, public profiles, community trending), only prettier and faster. Add Goodreads / Skoob import and switching costs almost nothing.
  • Community management: The founder and the official account reply to nearly every piece of feedback on X and Bluesky, and updates come very frequently (6-21, 7-26, 8-24, 9-08, 10-28, 10-30 all shipped versions; 10-30 added reading time, monthly summaries, sharing reviews / quotes to Stories, three-tier shelf privacy, an "already own" tag, and a dark theme). Users treat it like "our own app."
  • Why it's only at 12k: Reading social apps have network effects. Skoob's catalog and friend graph are still over there. Most people just complain, and few actually move. Livrim is Portuguese-only, relies on organic word of mouth, and didn't do TikTok, so growth stalled. Ziggur, which went the TikTok creator + subscription route over the same period, reached 50k installs.

5. Differentiation

Versus Skoob: a modern interface, stable, frequent updates, data import, and developers replying directly on X. Essentially "the version where Skoob got it right." Versus Ziggur / Paginei / PocketBooks: those focus on productivity, gamification, or AI, while Livrim focuses on the social bookshelf and review community, the closest match to Skoob, so it's the easiest fit for older Skoob users who want to move over as-is. This differentiation is genuinely why it can capture a share of Skoob's defectors, but because it only targets that group, the growth ceiling is low and growth is slow. It still has no acquisition engine of its own.

6. How many people know it / has anyone copied it

  • Few people know about it yet: no press coverage, no public revenue, only small-scale discussion in Brazilian reading circles on X / Bluesky / Reddit ("livrim" returned 0 results in the x-radar local corpus).
  • Copycats: none that specifically copy Livrim. Ziggur, Paginei, PocketBooks, and Dead Books emerged in parallel as competitors, not copies of it.

7. What to borrow

  • Watch for the window where a regional, established community product gets acquired and then gets worse (as happened after Skoob was acquired by Skeelo). Rebuild a modern version, put data import first, and lower switching costs further by using the migration tool users built themselves (the Chrome extension).
  • A long beta, early-user exclusive badges, and an official account replying to every post: a small budget used to grow a seed community with a real sense of belonging.
  • Lesson learned: in the same window, Ziggur went with TikTok creators + subscriptions and got 4× the reach and real revenue. Community-only word-of-mouth growth is slow.

8. Still unclear

  • What the in-app purchases at $1.49–$25.99 actually buy (membership? tipping?), and how many people pay. Whether the Amazon pre-order link is an affiliate link.
  • Real iOS download numbers (there are only 17 ratings, so the estimate is in the thousands).
  • Where the roughly 2,100 installs from 9-27 to 10-04 came from.
  • The original Reddit post was blocked and couldn't be read; only the search snippet was visible.
  • The developer's full name is unverified (the card says Brandon Luiz Menezes Silva, the store only shows Brandon Silva).

Sources

This article was written by AI from public data and the data we collect daily. Numbers are sourced, and inferences are labeled.