Stringers
Mobile App · Android · written 11-6
Hairisi: AI Hairstyle Try on · CrocoTech

The hairstyle-change app that topped Mexico's beauty chart: one template, one set of Spanish titles, a pile of ads

What it is An Android app where you upload a selfie and try different hairstyles and hair colors with AI. It makes money from ads that unlock features plus cheap in-app purchases.

Why it's hot Trying a haircut or hair color on before committing is evergreen demand. It localized the title and description into Spanish and Portuguese, pushed into #1 on Mexico's Beauty Top Free chart where rivals are weak, and got a boost from video paid acquisition across the same publisher network.

CWhat you can do with it Don't build another hairstyle-try-on app. Teams that already know Play paid acquisition should copy its distribution layer: localize into low-competition, English-only category charts, and fix the thing users hate most with a "free result first, then pay" flow.

Grade C: the category already has dozens of near-identical apps on Play. Most rivals are bigger and growing faster, and there are free substitutes like CapCut and web tools. Its only edge is translated titles and paid acquisition, so the playbook is worth studying, but chasing this category isn't a good bet. Hardly anyone knows about it yet
Data (updated daily) · first launch 2026-08-08 · 11-07 installs 673,665
Android · Total installs worldwide
600k620k640k660k680k10-2910-3111-0211-0511-07674k
Data 2026-10-29 → 2026-11-07 (10 days, 10 observations). Google's detail page only refreshes install counts every other day, so a flat day doesn't mean nobody installed.
Android · Ratings count (cumulative)
2.6k2.8k3k10-2910-3111-0211-0511-073k
Data 2026-10-29 → 2026-11-07 (10 days, 10 observations)

An Android AI app for trying on haircuts and hair colors. It launched in Aug 8, reached 670k installs in three months, and from late October sat at #1 on Mexico's Google Play Beauty Top Free chart nearly every day. Its features are no different from dozens of rivals, and half the reviews complain about ads. It climbed because of Spanish localization, a low-bar category chart, and a distribution network behind it that ships and buys installs in bulk. Here's what it sells, where its installs come from, where the money comes from, who it's fighting, and whether you should get in.

Two reviews from the same day

On Oct 2026 8, a Mexican user named Ana Rosa Solis gave it five stars: "Parece buena opción para ayudar a decidir lo que me queda bien" (it seems like a good option for deciding what hairstyle suits me). 16 people marked it helpful.

The same day, another user, Mari RC, gave it one star: "demasiados anuncios, no se puede usar de tantos anuncios" (too many ads, you can't even use it with this many).

Those two reviews pretty much sum up the app. People who want to cut or dye their hair do want to see the result first, and this app turned that one look into a stream of ads. From late August to late October, of the 108 written reviews visible on Google Play Mexico, one-star reviews make up most of them, and nearly all complain about the same thing.

What it is

Hairisi: AI Hairstyle Try on, developer account CrocoTech, with a listed address in Hai Duong, Vietnam, under "About the developer." Upload a selfie or open the camera, pick a hairstyle and hair color, and AI generates what you'd look like with the new look. It claims to recommend styles by face shape. Contains ads. In-app purchases range from $3.99 to $15.99 (Play store page, 11-06).

In the Mexico store it's called "Hairisi: Peinados y Color IA" and the whole description is in Spanish. In Brazil it's "Hairisi: Cabelo IA e Cor"; in Hong Kong, "Hairisi: AI 髮型髮色模擬"; other regions use English. The English description includes lines like "Users searching for 'AI hairstyle app'" and "Individuals typing 'hair color changer app'", and the FAQ is written around search terms. The package name hairstyle.tryon.haircolor.ai is itself a string of keywords.

How fast it grew

DateTotal installsScoreNotes
Aug 80—Launched
Oct 29616,2642,618avg 3.95
Oct 31645,0732,730jumped 29k in one go
Nov 3666,6502,885up another 22k
Nov 6673,6652,999+57k in 7 days, avg 3.89

(Google Play, 10-29 to 11-06. Play install counts update in batches, so don't read too much into single-day numbers.)

Listed for 90 days, averaging about 7,500 installs per day. The last two days' increases (+2,974, +4,041) are much smaller than the earlier two jumps. It's unclear whether growth is slowing or the counter just hasn't updated. 11-06 The total number of ratings actually dropped by 11, with five-star ratings down 46 and one-star ratings up 20. This looks like Google removed a batch of five-star ratings, unverified.

On the charts, it appears on the Beauty Top Free chart in 16 regions, but only 5 of those are independent and meaningful: Mexico, where it has sat at #1 nearly every day since 10-29; Argentina, down from #1 to #4; Spain, down from #3 to #8; Brazil, down from #6 to #14; and the US, down from #10 to #43. Apart from Mexico, everywhere else is trending down. Its best rankings come from the regions where it was localized.

Why Mexico's Beauty chart is so easy to climb

Because there's no real competition on it. 11-06 The top 10 on Mexico's Beauty Top Free chart include direct-selling ordering apps (Arabela, Terramar), beauty camera apps and mirror apps, and #2 is an AI video app. Most hairstyle apps use English-only titles, which puts them at a natural disadvantage in search results for Spanish-speaking users.

A few tens of thousands of installs is enough to land near the top here, and a top spot brings organic exposure. This is the only real advantage Hairisi has over others, and what it actually did was translate the title and description.

Where users come from

Paid acquisition, most likely. Reviews say things like "no promete nada lo que dice en sus videos" (it doesn't deliver what its videos promise, 10-17) and "se anuncian con mucho engaño para que descargues la app" (they advertise with a lot of deception to get you to download, 10-01). Users came in from its video ads. Whether it spent on Google or Meta, and how much, isn't visible from outside. Searching "Hairisi" in the public ad libraries for Meta, Google, and TikTok returns nothing, but that doesn't prove there was no spend.

The same network is buying heavily elsewhere. The same template sits behind at least seven or eight developer accounts, including CrocoTech, DQL TechLab, NXL AI Solutions, Astronex, and ATQ - AI Lab. Contact emails all follow the pattern "[email protected]", the websites are numbered web.app URLs, and the descriptions are written the same way. The biggest app in this group has 12.4M installs. Fravix, which started with hairstyle apps, had about 70 ads running on Meta in early November, all with one line of creative: "Try this app before you got your haircut!" in English, Spanish, Thai, and Hindi versions (Meta ad library, 11-01 to 11-04). Hairisi likely uses the same creative and buying approach (inference).

Store search. Keyword-stuffed package name, title, and description, plus its position on category charts.

What's missing. Searching "Hairisi" on TikTok turns up no relevant videos. On X, 90 posts in 0 days. No press coverage. Online, it appears only on APK download sites and data aggregators (11-06). No word of mouth, no creators.

Where the money comes from

Mostly ad-driven. A review describes the monetization clearly: "te hace ver 50 propagandas para ofrecerte un segundo de app y que mires 50 propagandas más para que te diga si quieres ver el resultado paga servicio pro", meaning it makes you watch 50 ads for one second of the app, then 50 more, then asks you to pay for the pro version to see the result (Oct 22). Another review says "más anuncios que nada y te cobran 350" (more ads than anything else, and they charge you 350, Oct 22). 350 Mexican pesos, roughly $19.

In other words: unlock the result by watching a rewarded video, or pay for a subscription. Losing users doesn't matter much, because ad impressions during the first few minutes of use can cover part of the acquisition cost. It has never charted on any top-grossing list, so in-app purchase revenue is probably small. A third-party estimate puts CrocoTech's total in-app spending across the account at $0–$15k per month (AppGazers, model estimate).

Who it's competing with

This category on Google Play is already crowded, and the newcomers are bigger:

ProductLaunchedScale (Google Play, 11-06)Compared with Hairisi
FaceLab(Lyrebird Studio)202088.3M installs, #30 on US Photography Top GrossingEstablished, with subscription revenue
Sorapix: AI Hair Changer (same network)2026-043.14M, 7 days +430kSibling account, more than 4× its size
AI Hairstyle Try On & Color(Vit Corp.)2026-052.68MSame category, 4× its size
Beautix - AI Hair Changer2026-062.53MPeers
HairGenie2026-051.8M, has charted in India's Top GrossingStronger revenue signals
Tressy: AI Hairstyle Try OnAbout 2026-03499k, +394k in 7 days7× its growth rate
Hair Color & Hairstyle Try On(Toon Tech)2025360k, #12 on US Beauty Top FreeRanks higher in the US than it does

Beyond these, there's a long tail of near-identical apps with tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of installs. EPIK (SNOW) uses TikTok creators in Latin America to promote its hairstyle feature, with single videos reaching 5.44M views. CapCut and Hypic offer free AI hairstyle templates with no separate app. Canva, Krea, and a pile of web tools let you try styles for free online. On iOS, Glowify, Hairify, and ReStyle run subscriptions and have charted in Top Grossing. Hairisi has no iOS version.

Among Play competitors in this category, it's medium-to-small in scale and not the fastest-growing. It isn't the one being copied; it's one of the copiers.

If it were you

The bottom line: This is a standard product from a factory-style distribution network. The features are identical, the category is saturated, and big companies offer free alternatives. If you build "yet another hairstyle try-on app," you'll most likely be the fiftieth. What's worth taking is the playbook, not this category.

Who it suits: Small teams that already run paid acquisition on Google Play and have ad monetization and multi-account workflows in place. For you, "the same AI image backend in a new shell, shipped again" is a repeatable product line, and hairstyles are just one shell.

Not for who: people who haven't run paid ads and are counting on organic store traffic or content to get installs; people who want to win on product quality (retention in this category is already weak, with the rating at 3.89 and one-star reviews making up most of the feedback); and anyone only targeting English markets (even in the US, it only reaches around #40 on the beauty chart, with more competition there).

How to do it: Don't copy the features, copy the distribution layer. First, language: find markets where similar apps use English-only titles and local category charts are easy to get onto. Translate the title and full description into the local language. Mexico and Argentina are already taken by others. In Portuguese-speaking Brazil it only reaches the teens, and other Spanish-speaking countries and smaller languages are probably not being worked seriously (inference). Second, fix what it gets wrong: its users complain that ads block the result. A version that shows one free result first, then unlocks HD and more styles through a subscription or one-time purchase, could earn much better ratings and retention. iOS already shows that subscriptions bring in money in this category.

How to get users: Store search is the base layer. Write the package name, title, and description around the search terms locals actually use. For acquisition, use short-form video ads. The creative is a "try it before your haircut" before-and-after, with one hairstyle per ad and versions by language. Test first with small budgets in cheap countries, and only scale creative that brings install costs below what day-one ad revenue can cover.

Timing: There's no seasonal deadline, but open spots on the category charts are being filled one by one by the same network and other factories. If you're going to do this, get a version live in the target language and start testing within three months. Wait until next year, and those Latin American charts will very likely be full.

What would mean I misread it: If Hairisi drops off Mexico's beauty chart at #1 within a month or two because some other AI hairstyle app takes its slot, then that spot is available to anyone and there's no lasting value in it. If Google Play starts pulling keyword-stuffed apps built on the same template in bulk, or Google bakes AI hairstyle changes into Photos and the camera, this path narrows. On the other hand, if the same network keeps re-skinning and re-launching the same playbook, and keeps hitting #1 on local category charts in other niches, then the playbook itself is still making money and is worth copying.

Data and sources

  • Installs, ratings, and charts: Google Play store data by region, 2026-10-29 to 11-06.
  • Reviews: 108 written reviews on Google Play Mexico (2026-08-25 to 10-31); dates are in Mexico time.
  • Store pages: play.google.com, Mexico store, Spanish and English versions (11-06). Developer address is listed under "About the developer" on the store page.
  • Same-network ads: Meta ad library, 2026-11-01 to 11-04. Hairisi itself was not found in the Meta, Google, or TikTok ad libraries.
  • Revenue estimate: AppGazers developer page for CrocoTech (model estimate).
  • Exposure: searches for "Hairisi" on TikTok and X, 2026-11-06.
  • Competitor scale: Google Play and App Store store data, 11-06. EPIK creator videos from TikTok.

Android store page ↗

Research notes: competitor table, acquisition evidence, full research report
Competitors
NameWhereLaunchedScaleHow it differs from this one
FaceLab(Lyrebird Studio)Android202088.3M installs, #30 on US Photography Top GrossingEstablished all-in-one face swap and hairstyle app, with subscription revenue
Tressy: AI Hairstyle Try On(SPN Studio)AndroidAbout 2026-03499k, +394k in 7 daysSame category, 7× Hairisi's growth rate
Sorapix: AI Hair Changer(NXL AI Solutions)Android2026-04-243.14M, 7 days +430kSibling account on the same template, larger scale
AI Hairstyle Try On & Color(Vit Corp.)Android2026-05-172.68MSame-factory product, 4× its scale
Beautix - AI Hair Changer(Growly)Android2026-06-142.53MSame category, larger scale
HairGenie(FuMaoMao)Android2026-05-211.8M, has charted in India's Top GrossingHas revenue signals
Fravix (ATQ - AI Lab, same network)AndroidAbout 2026-03$1.83M on Meta, about 70 hairstyle-swap creatives liveSwitched from a hairstyle app to a general AI photo app; Meta ads are publicly visible
EPIK(SNOW)Big-company featuresAlready liveLatAm TikTok creator videos with millions of viewsGeneral photo-editing apps that bundle hairstyle swap, plus creator marketing
CapCut / Hypic AI hairstyle templatesBig-company features2026TikTok template videos with millions of viewsFree, no separate app to install
Canva / Krea / Media.io / hairstyleai.ai and othersWeb2025–2026Not verifiedFree on the web, nothing to install
Glowify, Hairify, ReStyle (iOS)iOS2025–20261.7k–13k ratings, has charted in Top GrossingSubscriptions on iOS; Hairisi has no iOS version
Where users come from
  • Inferred Paid video acquisition (UAC / Meta etc.): Mexican reviews say "no promete nada lo que dice en sus videos" and "se anuncian con mucho engaño para que descargues la app". Our ad libraries don't track it.
  • Confirmed Paid acquisition from the same network: sister apps on the same template, Nexus with 64 ads, Linguza with 39, and Fravix with about 70 Meta ads (metaads 2026-11)
  • Confirmed Store search / ASO + localized titles: the description says outright "Users searching for 'AI hairstyle app'". Mexico, Argentina and Spain are titled "Peinados y Color IA", Brazil is "Cabelo IA e Cor". Contact email [email protected]
  • Confirmed Charting in a low-bar category: #1 in Mexico's free Beauty chart, with a catalog-ordering app and a mirror app in the top 10
  • Inferred TikTok / X / press: TikHub and x-radar searches for Hairisi each return 0 related results

Hairisi: AI Hairstyle Try on (com.hairstyle.tryon.haircolor.ai): why it's getting traction

Channel: Google Play | Developer account: CrocoTech (the store's developer page lists an individual, VU THI THEM, in Hai Duong, Vietnam) | Launched: 2026-08-08 | Research date: 2026-11-06

Bottom line

It didn't win on product. It's a standardized product from a Vietnamese app-factory distribution network: the same template (an aso.<account>@gmail.com email, numbered aapNNN/aipNNN-*.web.app sites, and descriptions stuffed with keywords). Swap the category name and run it again: buy installs, then recoup through ad monetization plus cheap in-app purchases. It hit #1 in Mexico's free Beauty chart because of Spanish, Portuguese and Traditional Chinese localized titles and because the Mexican Beauty chart has a low bar. The app itself isn't better than the rest.

I. Data (googleplay library, 2026-10-29 to 11-06)

  • Global cumulative installs went from 616,264 (10-29) to 673,665 (11-06), +57,401 over 7 days. Launched 90 days ago, averaging about 7.5k a day. The last two days' gains (+2,974, +4,041) are much smaller than the earlier jumps (10-31 +28,809, 11-03 +21,577). Play updates install counts in batches, so don't trust single-day figures.
  • Rating 2,618 rose to 2,999, average down from 3.95 to 3.89. 11-06 total ratings -11, of which 5-star ratings fell from 1,887 to 1,841 (-46), while 1-star ratings rose from 663 to 683. Looks like Google purged a batch of 5-star ratings, unverified.
  • Charts (free, Beauty category): Mexico has held #10-29 or higher every day since 1. Argentina slid from #1 to #4, Spain from #3 to #8, Brazil from #6 to #14, the US from #10 to #43. Philippines 21–48, France 22–58, Germany 30–59 then dropped off, India and Indonesia 50–88. pl/nl/ae/my/sg/th/vn/hk/ng/sa rank identically every day (3→4→9→10→17→19), which suggests these small markets share one aggregated chart, so they aren't independent signals. The truly independent ones are Mexico, Argentina, Spain, Brazil and the US, and all but Mexico are trending down.
  • The Mexico beauty Top Free chart has a low bar: 11-06 in the top 10 are direct-sales ordering apps (Arabela, Terramar), beauty camera apps and mirror apps, and #2 is an AI video app.
  • Monetization: ad_supported=True, in-app purchases $3.99–$15.99. Has never charted in any Top Grossing list.
  • Localized titles (what each store sees in chart_rank): Mexico, Argentina and Spain show "Hairisi: Peinados y Color IA", Brazil shows "Hairisi: Cabelo IA e Cor", Hong Kong shows "Hairisi: AI 髮型髮色模擬", and other stores use English. The best rankings come from exactly these localized markets.

II. How users arrive (growth tactics)

ChannelEvidenceConfirmed?
Paid acquisition (video ads, most likely Google UAC or Meta)Reviews, verbatim: "no promete nada lo que dice en sus videos" (10-17), "se anuncian con mucho engaño para que descargues la app" (10-01). Users clearly came in through its video ads. Hairisi doesn't appear in our Meta / Google / TikTok ad libraries (it's not on our tracking list, so absence proves nothing).Partly confirmed (supported by reviews; the specific network isn't confirmed)
Paid acquisition from the same networkSister apps on the same template run continuous Meta campaigns: Nexus (DQL TechLab) with 64 ads, Linguza (NXL) with 39. Fravix (ATQ - AI Lab, originally a hairstyle app, package com.hairai.hairstyletryon.haircolorchanger) runs about 70 ads through Pages like "AI Photo Editor" and "Snapix". Creative reads "Try this app before you got your haircut!", in English, Spanish, Thai and Hindi (metaads, 2026-11-01 to 11-04).The network is confirmed to buy paid ads; Hairisi itself is not confirmed
Store search / ASOThe description literally says "Users searching for 'AI hairstyle app'" and "Individuals typing 'hair color changer app'". The FAQ is keyword-stuffed too. Titles are localized by language. The package name is itself a keyword (hairstyle.tryon.haircolor.ai). The contact email prefix is "aso."Confirmed
Chart exposure#1 in Mexico's Beauty chart and top 4 in Argentina. Low-bar category charts bring organic exposure.Confirmed (data)
TikTok / creators / X / pressTikHub searches for "Hairisi" and "hairisi app" return no relevant videos. x-radar shows 0 posts in 90 days. Online, there are only APK sites and data-aggregator listings like AppBrain and AppMagic.Confirmed none

III. Why users download, and how it pays back

  • The need is evergreen: people want to see a look before cutting or coloring their hair. 2026 years on, generative hairstyle try-on works well, so building one now means calling a model API and wrapping it in a shell.
  • Payback comes mostly from ads. Reviews are overwhelmingly angry about "every step shows ads" ("te hace ver 50 propagandas", "a cada paso te pone dos anuncios", "más anuncios que nada y te cobran 350"; 350 Mexican pesos is about $19). The model is "watch a rewarded video to unlock results, or pay for a subscription." Retention doesn't have to be good: day-one ad impressions can cover part of the acquisition cost.
  • Retention and reviews are poor: most of the last 108 Mexican reviews are 1 stars. The 5-star ones are mostly one- or two-word comments like "excelente" or "genial". Whether ratings were prompted is unverified.

4. Competitors

This category is crowded on Play, and new entries keep arriving:

ProductChannelLaunchedScale (googleplay library 11-06)How it differs from Hairisi
FaceLab(Lyrebird Studio)Android/iOS202088.3M installs, #30 on US Photography Top GrossingEstablished all-in-one face swap and hairstyle app, with subscription revenue
Tressy: AI Hairstyle Try On(SPN Studio)AndroidAbout 2026-03499k, +394k in 7 daysFastest-growing in the category, 7× Hairisi's pace
AI Hairstyle Try On & Color(Vit Corp.)Android2026-05-172.68MA same-category factory app, 4× Hairisi's scale
Beautix - AI Hair Changer(Growly)Android2026-06-142.53MSame as above
Sorapix: AI Hair Changer (NXL AI Solutions, same network)Android2026-04-243.14M, 7 days +430kA sister app on the same template, and bigger
Fravix (ATQ - AI Lab, same network)AndroidAbout 2026-031.83MOriginally a hairstyle app, now a general AI photo app, with heavy Meta spend
HairGenie(FuMaoMao)Android2026-05-211.8M, has charted in India's Top GrossingStronger revenue signals
Hair Color & Hairstyle Try On(Toon Tech)Android2025360k, #12 on US Beauty Top FreeRanks higher than Hairisi in the US
Hairu, HAIR U, AI Hair Style Studio, Hairloom, Glovia (same network, Astronex), and othersAndroid2025–202614k–250kA flood of near-identical apps
EPIK(SNOW)Android/iOSAlready liveLatAm TikTok creator collaborations with millions of views (@mariacpena_, 5.44M views)A major photo-editing app with a built-in hairstyle feature, pushed through creators in Latin America
CapCut / Hypic templatesBig-company features2026TikTok "AI hairstyle filter" template videos with millions of viewsFree, no separate app to install
Web tools: Canva, Krea, Media.io, hairstyleai.ai, aihairstyles.comWeb2025–2026Free, SEO trafficNo install needed, free
iOS: Glowify, Hairify, ReStyle, Cosmo AIiOS2025–20261.7k–17k ratings, has charted in Top GrossingHairisi has no iOS version

Bottom line: dozens of apps do the same thing. On Play, Hairisi sits in the lower-middle of its category by scale, and it isn't the fastest-growing either.

5. Differentiation

Nothing about the features sets it apart. The listed features (try hairstyles, try hair colors, recommendations by face shape) match dozens of competitors exactly. The difference is in distribution:

  1. It localized its titles into Spanish and Portuguese and climbed the Latin American beauty category charts (#1 in Mexico), a low-barrier slot. Most competitors only use English titles.
  2. Behind it is a network that mass-publishes apps and mass-buys installs. The same email and website templates show up across accounts like CrocoTech, DQL TechLab, NXL AI Solutions, Astronex, Funkedenic, ATQ - AI Lab, DooMoon, and ApeHero, with individual apps reaching up to 12.4M installs.

Those two things explain how it got going, but neither is a moat.

6. How many people have seen it

  • Revenue isn't public. AppGazers estimates in-app spending across CrocoTech's whole portfolio at $0–15K/month (model estimate).
  • No press coverage. 0 posts on X and 0 organic TikTok videos. Only APK sites and data sites index it.
  • It isn't following a trend so much as it is following itself. Sister apps Sorapix and Glovia, plus outside apps Tressy, Vit, and Beautix, do the same thing, and most of them started earlier or are bigger.

7. What's worth borrowing

  • Localize titles into Spanish and Portuguese first. Beauty or photography categories in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil have low barriers, so a few tens of thousands of installs can reach the top.
  • Package name, title, and description are all keywords. Write what users actually search for straight into the description. It's crude, but it works on Play.
  • The play is "switch category, ship another app." One AI image backend gets wrapped in different shells (hairstyle swap, outfit swap, face swap, English learning) and all of them get bought together, to see which one runs.

VIII. Unknowns

  • Which channels they bought and how much they spent is unverified (it isn't on our ad library tracking list).
  • How much in-app purchase brings in is unknown. It has never charted in Top Grossing, so revenue likely comes mostly from ads.
  • Whether the 5 stars lost by 11-06 46 were removed by Google for review cleanup is unverified.
  • Whether these accounts belong to one company and one publisher, or are agencies sharing templates, is unverified. Common traits: emails with the aso. prefix, numbered web.app sites, and a Vietnamese personal address (CrocoTech).

Sources

  • googleplay library: app, app_snap, app_profile, chart_rank, review, v_chart (2026-10-29 to 11-06)
  • metaads library: app_link, ad (2026-11-01 to 11-04)
  • googleads and tiktokads libraries: no results for Hairisi / CrocoTech
  • appstore library: iOS app_profile for the category
  • Play store page play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.hairstyle.tryon.ha… (developer address: VU THI THEM, Hong Khe, Binh Giang, Hai Duong)
  • AppGazers appgazers.com/reports/developers/android-CrocoTech
  • TikHub TikTok searches for "Hairisi", "hairisi app", "peinados IA app" (2026-11-06); x-radar search for "Hairisi" over 90 days, 0 posts

This article was written by AI from public data and the data we collect daily. Numbers are sourced, and inferences are labeled.