# A TV app with no channels of its own hit 378k installs in two months: how IPTV players are being mass-produced

> Source: https://stringers.io/en/apps/play_com.smart.iptv.player.online.tv.html (Stringers / 什么值得做, generated 2026-11-08)
> Stringers answers one question every day: what small product can one or two people build in a few months and actually make money from. Numbers come from 15 databases we collect daily, each with source and date.
> For agents: these verdicts and the underlying databases (verified revenue, App Store / Google Play charts, ad libraries, GitHub, Product Hunt…) are queryable live over MCP — tools today / hot / products / directions / direction / data. Setup: https://github.com/komako-workshop/stringers (the user logs in at stringers.io → "配置 agent" to get a personal URL). Site index: https://stringers.io/llms.txt

> Demand for player apps to watch pirated sports streams has always been big. The name stuffs in search terms, installs climb in steps, and it's most likely still buying paid acquisition. Each time rights holders take down a big name, the factory ships a new shell.

[Mobile App](https://stringers.io/en/apps/index.md) · Android · written 11-6

IPTV Smart Online TV Player · Vasundhara Infotech LLC

# A TV app with no channels of its own hit 378k installs in two months: how IPTV players are being mass-produced

**What it is** An empty-shell TV player. Users import an M3U or Xtream live link they bought themselves. The app ships with no content and makes money from ads and in-app purchases.

**Why it took off** People want a player for pirated live sports, and that demand has always been huge. The name is stuffed with search terms, the install curve jumps in steps, and it's very likely still buying ads. Every time rights holders take down a big name, the factories put up a new shell.

**D** **How you could follow it** Don't build the 200th phone-side reskin. Either build a TV-side experience (program guide, catch-up, recording) and take the paid route TiviMate took, or move the method of "stuff keywords, mass-publish, test with ads" to a tool category that doesn't touch copyright.

D grade: the demand is real, but the product can't be differentiated, traffic is zero-sum, and a dozen new shells are competing with it every month. The whole category is built on pirated live streams, and rights holders clear listings in a round every time a big tournament comes around. This is a business of app factories spending ad budgets, not an opportunity for small teams. Hardly anyone knows about it yet

Data (updated daily) · first launch 2026-09-09 · 11-07 installs 377,758

Android · Total installs worldwide

Data 2026-10-29 → 2026-11-07 (10 days, 10 observations). Google's detail page only refreshes install counts every other day, so a flat day doesn't mean nobody installed.

Android · Ratings count (cumulative)

Data 2026-10-29 → 2026-11-07 (10 days, 10 observations)

IPTV Smart Online TV Player is an "empty shell" player on Google Play. It has no channels of its own and only plays live sources users find themselves. It launched in Sep 9, and by Nov 6 it had 378k installs. It's made by a company in Surat, India, that also runs dozens of other utility apps. The product itself is nothing special. What's worth looking at is why this kind of app can be listed and scaled one after another, and why this business isn't well suited to small teams.

### "Can watch football, but where do you find the links?"

In 2026 Sep 19, a user named Getachew Guta wrote on its store page: "Watching live football is a good choice, but where do you find the URLs?" 36 people marked it helpful.

Ten days later, on Sep 29, another user, S Pathania, wrote: "Full of ads, no TV, and it forces you to install more apps." It was marked helpful by 62 people and is now the top review on the store page. The same day there was another: "This is a scam, don't download." (Google Play store page, 11-06)

These three reviews are describing the same thing. The app is called a "TV player," but it doesn't provide any TV. You first need an M3U link or an Xtream Codes account, which mostly comes from people selling "IPTV subscriptions," and is largely unlicensed sports and TV live streams. People who have a link use it as a tool. People without one, who thought downloading it would let them watch the game, only see ads.

### What it is

The features listed on the store page are standard for this category: import playlists via M3U link, local file, or Xtream Codes; favorite channels, view recent playback, rename channels; set an icon and background color for each playlist, and add a PIN lock. The page is labeled "Contains ads" and "In-app purchases," with in-app purchases priced at $7.99 to $49.99. The data safety section says "no data collected, no data shared." Versions 2.0 were released, with updates on Oct 21 and 30.

The name is built from search terms: IPTV, Smart, Online, TV, and Player are all used. Another app in the same category, "IPTV Smart Player - Online TV," gains 6.5 times as many weekly installs and has a name that's nearly indistinguishable.

### How fast it grew, and how

| Date | Total installs | Score |
|---|---|---|
| 9-20 | About 133 | — |
| 10-04 | About 58k | — |
| 10-22 | About 235k | — |
| 10-29 | 318k | 1,014 |
| 11-06 | 378k | 1,136 |

Figures from Oct 29 onward are Google Play's public install counts; earlier figures are third-party estimates (AppstoreSpy). It has added about 60k in the last 7 days.

The curve climbs in steps: in Oct 4 it jumped 20k in one go, Oct 8 45k, Oct 13 to 15 it gained 43k in three days, and Oct 21 to 22 and Oct 26 each jumped just over 40k, with several days almost flat between jumps. Play only refreshes install counts every few days, so part of the stepping comes from that. But single jumps of over 40k concentrated in a few days look more like rounds of ad spending (inference, I didn't find its ad creatives).

Another number points the same way: 378k installs only produced 1,136 ratings, roughly 3 per 1,000 installs. Lots of people install, few bother to rate, which is what paid-acquisition and search-driven users usually look like.

It has never charted on any country's overall chart. It only shows up in the Video Players category charts. Its best Nov 6 placing was #17 on the South Korea category Top Free chart. It hit #80 on India's category Top Free chart, and its India category Top Grossing position sat between #58 and #63, which means people are paying, though it's hard to tell how much. Argentina, Indonesia, Spain, Mexico and Malaysia all landed between #120 and #180. Most of these are markets with heavy demand for live football and cricket, where official broadcast rights are expensive. The same app shows a store rating of 5.0 in Spain and 3.9 in India.

### Where users come from

**Search: this one is confirmed.** The user need is specific: "I bought an IPTV account, now I need a player." They search Play for "IPTV player," "M3U," and "Xtream." The app's name and description are packed with these terms, and search is its main entry point.

**Paid acquisition: very likely.** The evidence is the step pattern above and the very low rating rate. Advertisers in this category are definitely active on Meta: one page with 439 likes, named "She Period & Pregnancy Tracker," runs install ads for another IPTV player, and the page name has nothing to do with the product (Meta Ad Library).

**Cross-promotion between its own apps: possible.** The same developer has at least 8 other apps on Play, about 11.8M installs combined. "Screen Mirroring: Cast Smart Tv" alone has 3.12M, and its audience overlaps heavily with IPTV viewers. The "forces you to install more apps" review may be pointing at this (inference, I didn't directly observe cross-promotion).

**Social and creators: none.** Searching its full name on TikTok turns up no videos, and there's no discussion online.

### Who made it

Vasundhara Infotech is a software outsourcing and app studio in Surat, India. It has two developer accounts on Play, an LLP and an LLC. According to AppBrain, the LLC account has 37 apps and has been publishing since 2018 (unverified). On Sep 9, the same account also published a "reverse audio" app. This is the typical app-factory rhythm: finish one template, swap in a new keyword, publish another.

Something doesn't add up: the developer website listed on the store page is a free-hosting free.nf domain, and the contact email is a personal Gmail. Neither matches the company website or a company email. It could be an account under the company name run by someone else, or it could be outsourced operation (unverified).

### Who it's competing with: a category that gets knocked down and grows back

IPTV players have been a big category on Play all along, with several top apps in the tens of millions:

| App | Launched | Scale (Play installs, 11-06) | Compared with alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|
| IPTV Player - Smart Live TV | 2023-12 | 41.4M, 7 days +310k | The same kind of reskin from two years earlier, at 100 times its volume |
| IPTV(Alexander Sofronov) | 2012 | 38.3M | A veteran indie developer, living off older users |
| XCIPTV PLAYER | 2018 | 25.3M | A white-label player commonly used by IPTV sellers |
| IPTV Online Player: Live TV | 2026-05 | 17.8M | Also a new reskin, which caught the 6–July World Cup window |
| IPTV Smart Player - Online TV | 2025-08 | 14.2M, 7 days +390k | Nearly identical name, 6.5 times its weekly growth |
| TiviMate | 2018 | 5.35M | The enthusiast benchmark, with a program guide, recording, and TV-side experience, and it really does earn from paid sales |

New entrants haven't stopped either. New apps with IPTV in the title that charted in their category: 10 in June, 7 in July, 16 in August, 17 in September, and 12 in October. It's one of the September batch, mid-pack within that batch. The two similar apps launched in mid-September each gained 150k in the last 7 days, more than double its own gain.

Why this category keeps having new openings comes down to rights holders. In March 2026, during the T20 Cricket World Cup in India, JioStar got Google Play and Apple to remove 36 IPTV apps, with 26.1M downloads combined, including big names like IPTV Smarters Pro, XCIPTV, and Televizo (Storyboard18,2026-03-04). LaLiga had also gotten Google to remove IPTV Smarters Pro through a Spanish court. But after the removals, demand didn't go away. Play now has a string of apps named things like "Smarters IPTV Pro" and "IPTV Pro - Smarters Player," some gaining 40k a week. XCIPTV has also reappeared on Play, gaining 110k a week. Every time a big name gets taken down, the factories fill the gap with a new batch, and users search their way to new shells.

### Where the money comes from

Two paths: ads, and in-app purchases at $7.99 to $49.99 (likely ad removal or a premium tier; the store page doesn't say clearly what each tier includes). Reaching around #60 on India's category Top Grossing shows the bar for paying users is low, but it doesn't support a concrete revenue estimate. For an app factory, development cost for this app is close to zero. As long as paid acquisition can be recovered through ads and in-app purchases, it's worth pushing. If not, it gets shut down and the next shell replaces it.

### If it were you

**Verdict: D.** Learn how this playbook works, but I don't recommend following it. The demand for this category is real and some people are making money, but the way they make it is "zero-cost reskins, using ad budgets to bet on which one runs," and the whole category is built on pirated live streams.

**Who it suits:** App factories that already run a pile of utility apps, have mature paid acquisition and ad-monetization systems, and can absorb accounts getting banned. For them, this is just another keyword cluster.

**Who it doesn't suit:** Indie developers and small teams hoping to grow a single product over time. The product offers no room to differentiate (M3U, Xtream, favorites, and PIN locks are all standard), so users compare on name, icon, and how many ads there are. Traffic is zero-sum: every extra app you install is one fewer for someone else. And rights holders clear listings in a round every time a big tournament comes around, so your account can go down with them at any moment.

**If you do build here, how:** Don't build the 200th phone-side reskin. The places to differentiate are the TV side and the experience: program guide, catch-up, recording, multi-screen, and something that works well with a TV remote. That's why TiviMate survives on paid sales. Or flip the angle: apply the same "keyword stuffing + mass publishing + ad testing" method to a utility category that doesn't touch copyright, like screen casting, remote controls, or TV program guides.

**How to get users:** Store search is the main entry point. The name and description should cover terms like "IPTV player," "M3U," and "Xtream." Then buy ads in markets where installs are cheap, such as Latin America, India, and Southeast Asia. Whether it pays back depends on whether ad revenue can cover install costs.

**When it's best to be early:** This category follows sports events. European leagues are mid-season now, so demand won't dry up. Search volume peaks around each major tournament. But it's also during major tournaments that rights holders take down the most, as in the March round during the Cricket World Cup.

**Signs you've misread it:** ① Its installs stop growing below 400k in November, and the September batch apps stall too. That means paid acquisition isn't paying back, factories are pulling out, and even this route isn't profitable. ② The opposite: if it gained 1M in a month and entered India's category Top Grossing top 30, the category's ads plus in-app purchases can sustain ongoing spending, and it's worth redoing the math. ③ If it and several of its batch-mates get taken down together, rights holders have started targeting new shells, and the window is shorter than it looks.

[Android store page ↗](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.smart.iptv.player.online.tv)

**Research notes: competitor table, acquisition evidence, full research report**

Competitors

| Name | Where | Launched | Scale | How it differs from this one |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPTV Player - Smart Live TV(Metaverse Labs) | Android | 2023-12 | 41.4M installs, 7 days +310k (googleplay library) | The same kind of reskin from two years earlier, at 100 times its volume |
| IPTV(Alexander Sofronov) | Android | 2012-02 | 38.3M installs | A veteran indie developer, built on reputation and older users |
| XCIPTV PLAYER(OTTRUN) | Android | 2018-08 | 25.3M installs | A white-label player used by IPTV service providers, with B2B distribution |
| IPTV Online Player: Live TV(MITs Apps) | Android | 2026-05 | 17.8M installs | Also a new reskin entrant, but it caught the pre-World Cup window, at 47 times its volume |
| IPTV Smart Player - Online TV(LDream) | Android | 2025-08 | 14.2M installs, +390k in 7 days | Nearly identical name, 6.5 times its weekly growth |
| TiviMate IPTV Player | Android | 2018-12 | 5.35M installs; #2 in Canada's VIDEO_PLAYERS Top Grossing | The enthusiast benchmark, with EPG, recording, and a TV-side experience, and it really earns from paid sales |
| 2026-08/09 same-batch new releases (Live IPTV: Online & Pro Player, IPTV Video Player: Live TV, XStream, Smart & Pro IPTV Player, etc.) | Android | 2026-08~09 | 100k to 1.83M installs, some +150k in 7 days | Nearly identical features, mid-pack within its batch |

Where users come from

- **Verified** **ASO (app store keyword stuffing)** : the title packs in IPTV / Smart / Online / TV / Player, the description repeats M3U and Xtream Codes, nearly a copy of the leaders. Only shows up on category charts.

- Inferred **Paid acquisition** : the AppstoreSpy curve has several single-step jumps of +40k, and the rating rate is only 0.3%. But it isn't on our Google or Meta ad library tracking list, so a lookup by package name finds no creatives. Similar apps run IPTV ads on Meta from unrelated shell Pages.

- Inferred **Cross-promotion across its own portfolio** : the same developer has 9 apps including Screen Mirroring: Cast Smart Tv (3.12M installs), 11.8M installs in total, with heavily overlapping user scenarios. No direct evidence of cross-promotion found.

- Inferred **Demand timing (football season, post-World Cup IPTV interest)** : new IPTV apps are arriving at a rate of 10–17 per month from 2026-06. Five of the seven charting countries are markets with strong pirate-stream demand: Latin America, Spain, India, Southeast Asia.

- Inferred **TikTok and social creators** : a TikHub search for the full name returned nothing, and there's no discussion on the web.

## Why IPTV Smart Online TV Player (com.smart.iptv.player.online.tv) charted

> Channel: Google Play | Developer: Vasundhara Infotech LLC | Launched: 2026-09-09 | Research date: 2026-11-06

### Bottom line

It has nothing unique. It's a utility app batch-produced by Vasundhara Infotech, an app factory in Surat, India, and launched by the standard playbook for the IPTV player category, a clone-flooded niche: the title is stuffed with IPTV / Smart / Online / TV / Player, it supports M3U and Xtream Codes, and it monetizes with ads plus in-app purchases. It reached 378k installs by riding category demand (people look for players to play pirated live streams, and the football season starts in August), store keyword search, and likely stepped paid acquisition. The product itself has no differentiation. Among dozens of similar apps launched around the same time, it ranks mid-pack.

### 1. What it is

- A "shell" player with no channels of its own. Users import an M3U link, a local file, or an Xtream Codes account to watch live TV. It also offers favorites, recently played, channel renaming, and playlist icons, background colors, and PIN locks (per the Play store page).

- Monetization: the page lists "Contains ads" and "In-app purchases", with individual IAPs at $7.99–$49.99 (googleplay library app_snap). The data safety section says "no data collected, no data shared".

- Versions 2.0,10-21 and 10-30 were each updated once (app_snap.updated_at).

### II. Growth data (all from the googleplay library)

- Installs: 10-29 grew from 318,147,11-06 to 377,758,7 over 59,611 days (app_profile). Ratings went from 1,014 to 1,136, adding 8–22 per day; average 4.33,5 stars from 852, 1 stars at 131 (11-06 histogram).

- Curve since launch (app_day_ext, AppstoreSpy estimates): 9-20 started at only 133 installs, rising to 9-28k, 10.4k, 10-04k, 57.6k, 10-08k, 103k, 10-22k, 235k, 10-26k, 313k. The curve climbs in steps: 10-04 added +20k in one go, 10-08 added +45k, 10-13 to 10-15 added +43k over three days, 10-21 to 10-22 added +43k, and 10-26 added +43k. Between the jumps there were several days of almost 0. Play itself refreshes install counts in batches every few days, so part of the stepped shape comes from that. But single jumps above +40k concentrated in a few days look more like waves of paid campaigns. This is unverified.

- Every 1,000 installs produced only about 3 ratings (1,136 / 377,758 ≈ 0.30%). Many installs, little engagement: consistent with low-intent users from paid or search traffic.

- Charts (chart_rank, 10-29 to 11-06): it has only charted in the VIDEO_PLAYERS category chart, never the overall chart. Its best showing was #16–#24 on the South Korea Top Free chart. India Top Free slid between #42 and #105, while India Top Grossing held steady at #58–#63. Argentina, Indonesia, Spain, Mexico, Malaysia and the UAE all sat between #120 and #200. Five of the seven stores are markets with strong pirate-stream and football demand (Latin America, Spain, India, Southeast Asia).

- The #60 threshold on India's Top Grossing chart for this category is low, so it only suggests some in-app purchase revenue. The scale is unknown.

### III. Competitors: a very crowded clone niche

Apps with iptv in the title in the googleplay library, counted by launch month: 2026-06 has 10, 07 has 7, 08 has 16, 09 has 17 (this one is from the September batch), and 10 has 12. These are only the ones that charted.

| Competitors | Launched | Scale (googleplay library, 11-06) | How it differs |
|---|---|---|---|
| IPTV Player - Smart Live TV(Metaverse Labs) | 2023-12 | 41.4M installs, +310k in 7 days | The same kind of clone, launched two years earlier, with more than 100 times its volume |
| IPTV(Alexander Sofronov) | 2012 | 38.3M | A veteran indie developer, built on reputation and older users |
| XCIPTV PLAYER(OTTRUN) | 2018 | 25.3M | A white-label player often used by IPTV service providers, with B2B distribution |
| IPTV Online Player: Live TV(MITs Apps) | 2026-05 | 17.8M | Also a new clone, but it caught the pre-World Cup window (6–July), with 47 times its volume |
| IPTV Smart Player - Online TV(LDream) | 2025-08 | 14.2M, 7 days +390k | Almost the same name, with 6.5 times its weekly growth |
| TiviMate IPTV Player(Armobsoft) | 2018 | 5.35M; Canada VIDEO_PLAYERS Top Grossing #2 | The enthusiast benchmark (EPG, recording, TV-optimized), and the one that actually earns from paid sales |
| Batch of 2026-08/09 new releases: IPTV Player: HD Online TV (Rewards Apps Zone), XStream, Smart & Pro IPTV Player, Live IPTV: Online & Pro Player (9-15), IPTV Video Player: Live TV (9-17), and others | 2026-08~09 | 100k–1.83M; the last two each gained +7k in 150 days | Essentially the same features. It ranks mid-pack in its batch, and its weekly growth trails several apps launched in mid-September |

Conclusion: no product differentiation. Users can only compare title keywords, icons and screenshots, the amount of ads, and the size of the ad budget.

### 4. Where users come from (growth levers)

1. Store keyword search (ASO), confirmed: the title packs "IPTV", "Smart", "Online", "TV" and "Player", and the description repeats M3U, Xtream Codes and IPTV stream, almost copying the category leaders (LDream's app is called "IPTV Smart Player - Online TV"). Users are looking for "I have an M3U or Xtream account and need a player", and search is their main entry point.

2. Paid acquisition, highly suspicious but unconfirmed: the evidence is several +40k steps on the AppstoreSpy curve, a rating rate of only 0.3%, and a developer with a mature paid-acquisition operation. But our Google and Meta ad libraries only track products on the list, and this app isn't on it, so package-name lookups for creatives and ads come back empty. That doesn't mean it didn't spend. Similar apps have run IPTV ads on Meta from unrelated shell Pages: the Page "She Period & Pregnancy Tracker" has only 439 likes yet runs ads for com.iptv.smart.m3u8.live.player (metaads library), so the category clearly sees paid acquisition.

3. Cross-promotion from its own portfolio, possible but unconfirmed: Vasundhara Infotech LLC has 9 apps in the library, 11.8M installs in total. Screen Mirroring: Cast Smart Tv has 3.12M installs and gained +120k in 7 days, with user scenarios that overlap heavily with this one. On the same day (9-09) it also launched Reverse Audio, a classic factory batch-launch pattern. No direct evidence of cross-promotion was found.

4. Demand-side timing, background only, not verified for this app: European and Latin American football leagues kick off after August, and India has cricket. IPTV players already had a wave around the 6–July World Cup (MITs Apps hit 17.8M after its May launch), and new releases kept flooding in through 8–September, which shows demand is persistent and the factories keep feeding it.

5. Creators and social spread, none found: a TikTok (TikHub) search for its full name returned nothing. Jina search only turned up other apps with the same name and generic IPTV discussion. x-radar was not checked, since this category usually doesn't spread on X.

### V. Developer

- Vasundhara Infotech (vasundhara.io) is a software outsourcing and app studio in Surat, India. The same company has two Play developer accounts, an LLP and an LLC, and also has iOS apps (Jina search results: LinkedIn, Instagram, App Store developer page). AppBrain shows the LLC account with "37 apps, active since 2018" (search snippet; the page was blocked by Cloudflare, so the numbers are unverified).

- Anomaly: the developer website on this app is the free host vasundharainfotech.free.nf, and the contact email is a personal Gmail, davidrpetroski@gmail.com (googleplay library, app table). Neither matches the parent company's website or email (info@vasundhara.io). It could be an account under the LLC operated by someone else, or it could be a managed or purchased account. Unverified.

### VI. Why it charted (in order of importance)

1. Hard, high-volume category demand: IPTV players are a perennial large category on Play, with several leaders in the tens of millions. Once an app is listed, search traffic arrives on its own.

2. Factory playbook: keyword-stuffed titles, a standard feature list, ads plus IAPs, and one studio launching dozens of utility apps at once. This app is another template launch, not a product that was developed.

3. Stepped paid acquisition, likely: the curve has several +40k jumps, the rating rate is very low, and all seven charting countries are low-CPI pirate-demand markets.

4. Visible ranking in small pools: a placement like #17 on South Korea's VIDEO_PLAYERS Top Free chart has a low bar to clear.

### 7. Visibility and copycats

- Visibility: almost no one knows about it. No press coverage, no public revenue figures, no social discussion. It's only surfaced because of its 7-day growth rate.

- Copycats: it isn't copying anyone in particular. It is one of the copycats itself, with 8 similar apps in the 30 batch alone.

### VIII. Takeaways

- The "shell player" model: no content, just a player, which passes store review while capturing search traffic from pirate-stream demand. Monetization is ads plus a $7.99–$49.99 ad-removal or premium upgrade.

- How app factories work: the same keyword cluster gets reskinned and relaunched repeatedly, paid acquisition tests which versions work, and the winners get more budget. The barrier to entry is low, competition is close to zero-sum, and there is copyright and takedown risk: Google periodically purges IPTV apps that promote pirated streams, and leagues such as LaLiga are also cracking down.

### IX. Uncertainties

- Whether it runs paid acquisition, which channels, and how much it spends: none of this shows up in the ad libraries.

- Actual IAP revenue and retention.

- Who is behind the davidrpetroski Gmail and the free.nf site, and whether Vasundhara itself actually operates them.

- Whether there is cross-promotion across its own portfolio.

### Sources

- googleplay library (agent-im server): app, app_profile, app_snap, app_day_ext (AppstoreSpy estimates), chart_rank, 2026-10-29 to 11-06

- googleads and metaads libraries: searched by package name and developer name, no results (this app is not on the tracking list)

- Google Play store page: [play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.smart.iptv.player.…](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.smart.iptv.player.online.tv)

- Developer page: [play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Vasundhara+Infotech+…](https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Vasundhara+Infotech+LLC)

- Vasundhara Infotech: [www.vasundhara.io/](https://www.vasundhara.io/), [in.linkedin.com/company/vasundhara-infotech](https://in.linkedin.com/company/vasundhara-infotech), AppBrain search snippet [www.appbrain.com/dev/Vasundhara+Infotech+LLC/](https://www.appbrain.com/dev/Vasundhara+Infotech+LLC/)

- TikHub TikTok search for "IPTV Smart Online TV Player": no results (2026-11-06)

This article was written by AI from public data and the data we collect daily. Numbers are sourced, and inferences are labeled.