Stringers
K0nd1us/QQ-agent · K0nd1us

A QQ group bot that gained 998 stars in 50 days, then the author deleted the repo

What it is A small program you install on your own Windows PC. You scan a code to log into a QQ alt account, and the AI chats in the group like a real group member.

Why it took off DeepSeek Harness ("Big Fat Fish") blew up in QQ groups, while the upstream qq-bridge was expensive and hard to install. QQ-agent cut the cost of each call to a small fixed amount, made it a double-click install, and in the upstream comment section it promoted its "saves tokens" angle, catching the newbies who had been put off.

CHow you could follow it Don't build another QQ version. Copy the method: find a hot upstream project that's gaining stars and getting criticized for being expensive or hard to set up, build an improvement that can be explained in one sentence, and use measured numbers to capture traffic in the upstream comments and tutorials. The token-saving architecture can be moved to open platforms like Discord and Telegram.

C grade: its stars came from Big Fat Fish's wave on QQ and QQ's teen users. That heat is fading, and the platform door has been shut by Tencent, so copying it likely gets you banned. What you can take away is the method: ride a hot upstream project and fix the thing it hurts most at. Spreading in small circles
Data (updated daily) · repo created 2026-09-06 · 998 stars
GitHub · stars
2505007501k10-0910-1410-1910-2410-29998
Data 2026-10-09 → 2026-10-29 (21 days, 20 observations). Points before 10-28 come from deeply / archive backfill, not every day has one

QQ-agent is a desktop app that lets "Big Fat Fish" (DeepSeek Harness) mingle in QQ groups like a real person. On GitHub it went from Sep 6 to 998 stars, driven by a comment-section post, a "saves tokens" tweak, and a double-click interface. In October Tencent cleaned up unofficial QQ bots, and the author deleted the repo and shut down the service. Its playbook is worth learning; its track is closed.

A "Conclusion" post from the early hours of Nov 1

On Nov 1, 2026, at 4:52 a.m., the author under the handle Kondius published "QQ-Agent Conclusion" on their blog: "Tencent could never tolerate a fully automatic bot relying on QQ growing wildly in places it can't monitor… this time they wiped out a whole batch of bot frameworks." They admitted, "Regrets? Maybe a little. I picked the wrong topic at the start," and added that if they started over, "I would still build QQA, maybe in a more flexible way instead of relying entirely on QQ."

Around 8 a.m. the comment section started flooding, reaching 88 comments by the next day, most of them "we love you boss😭" and "we'll follow you to the death." Some were heavier: "Boss, you gave me a completely different world and pulled my life out of a mess I'd been sinking into for good." Others didn't make it in time: "I still haven't got mine😭".

As of 11-06, github.com/K0nd1us/QQ-agent returns 404, and the author's account has no public repos left; the official site and plugin market kondius.cn/qq-agent/ return 503. The last numbers visible on GitHub stopped at 29:998 stars and 90 forks in Oct. So the curve "suddenly flattening" in late October isn't interest fading, it's the repo being gone.

What it is: raising "Big Fat Fish" in a QQ group, without burning money

Aug 13 this year, DeepSeek Harness went open source. Players nicknamed it "Big Fat Fish", and by November it had 270k+ stars. On Bilibili and QQ groups, "raising fish" and "raising a daughter" became the trend: you let an AI slip into a group through a QQ alt, chatting, joining in on memes, and remembering everyone like a regular member. Tencent News ran a headline on 11-04: "Big Fat Fish's windfall of traffic also landed on QQ."

The first open-source project to bring the fish into QQ groups was qq-bridge (launched Aug 25, 11-06 about 3,560 stars). QQ-agent is a Windows desktop version the author "completely reworked" from qq-bridge: double-click to start, scan to log into QQ, enter an OpenAI-compatible model key, tick the groups to join, done. Features include long-term memory for group members, image viewing, web search, persona cards (the default is "Little Whale"), and a marketplace where users upload personas, Skills, and plugins.

Why this one: the upstream got hot, and it fixed the upstream's worst pain point

qq-bridge had two things that drove ordinary players up the wall.

First, cost. It piled the whole group's chat into one session, so the longer the conversation ran, the longer the context sent with each call, and the gaps between messages often exceeded the cache window, so cost roughly grew with the square. Around then, "Big Fat Fish eats tokens like crazy" was a trending topic on Bilibili, with one video at 78k plays (10-25), and another titled "Fixing Big Fat Fish's AI amnesia, saving tokens" at 257k plays.

Second, difficulty. You had to run DeepSeek Harness and the SnowLuma protocol server together, then hand-edit config.json. And people who wanted to raise fish were, in the author's own words, often "eleven- or twelve-year-old kids."

QQ-agent went after both problems: each new message opens a separate short session that gets discarded afterward, anything worth remembering long-term goes into a memory tool, and the cost per call is fixed at a small amount. It adds a "response level" slider and a cost ledger split by session and by model, so you can see where the money goes. It also no longer needs DeepSeek Harness, and any OpenAI-compatible model works. On the difficulty side, it became a graphical interface with a health-check card in the console, with no command line needed at any point.

The author was candid about the results: "That old project's prompt was what made it work well. Without that effect I'd probably have dropped it after two days." The personality half of the credit belongs to the upstream; the saving money and being easy to install were its own.

Where the stars came from: a "show off" comment in a comment section

In Sep 6, in the "QQ-agent Development Notes," the author wrote how it started: "I just saw a QQ bot project and set one up to play with… after I modified it I found it really did save a lot of cost, so I went to the comments to show it off (lol)… but too many people were watching, and if this was too half-baked it wouldn't look good, so I thought about it and added more." I couldn't find which platform or video that comment was under; from context it's most likely Bilibili.

The growth path after that was clear:

  • Rode the upstream's growth together. From Oct 19 to 28, qq-bridge went from 1,207 to 3,150 stars; in the same week QQ-agent went from 550 to 979, peaking at +62 (10-21) in one day. Both curves ate the same wave of traffic; it caught the people qq-bridge's configuration and bills had scared off.
  • Bilibili tutorials with cloud drive links. In Oct 24, a video called "Connecting Big Fat Fish to QQ on Mobile, a Tutorial" had a Quark cloud drive link for the QQ-agent mobile setup in its description (the video has since been deleted, per a record from one user's backup).
  • Long-tail search. Articles on CSDN such as "What is QQ-agent? A complete guide to a local AI bot that mingles in groups like a real person."
  • The marketplace is what keeps people around. The author says adding "feedback collection" and "quote uploads" was "kind of trying to make it something like a community." Before shutdown, the marketplace had 346 approved personas, 564 Skills, and 799 plugins (one user, 10-30, made a backup at sabercomo/qq-agent-backup).

No paid acquisition, no big-account endorsements, and no discussion I could find on X. During that stretch the author "kept sitting up all night working on it," and explained why: "I'm currently in a long stretch without work… I need something like this to make me feel I'm still 'alive in a useful way'."

Datestarsfork
10-0935228
10-2061147
10-2482773
10-2999890

GitHub, 10-09 to 10-29; after the repo was deleted, no more numbers.

Who it's competing with

Many projects bring fish into QQ, but most are plugins for DeepSeek Harness (dsh-aurabot-qq at about 440 stars, plus a string of dsh-qq-* repos with dozens to over a hundred stars), and you have to install DeepSeek Harness first. Tencent's official dsh-qqbot (546 stars) is compliant and works with a QR scan, but it only replies when @-mentioned, so it can't blend into a group. The veteran framework AstrBot (46k stars) doesn't touch the protocol layer and is doing fine, but users complain it "feels too much like a bot."

In 9 and October, a Windows desktop app that "doesn't depend on DeepSeek Harness, keeps costs under control, and is purely graphical" was almost only QQ-agent. The same-architecture qq-agent-plus was turned into a Linux server version, has 104 stars since Sep 18, and is still being updated; Tulpa (510 stars) uses MCP to hook QQ, WeChat, and Bilibili to any agent, and its README says it drew on QQ-agent. There are seven or eight more mirrors and forks.

Why it stopped: it was living inside someone else's groups

Its entire selling point rests on "logging a real person's QQ number into a protocol client and impersonating a group member." That's exactly what Tencent is going after. The author's read was that after this cleanup "the only new entrants left are QQ-Bridge and a few with very small user bases"; he also understood Tencent's side: "Some people are even reselling QQA… maybe stopping QQA from being used for scams that target those eleven- or twelve-year-old kids was the real goal." What Tencent actually did (account bans, a formal notice, or tighter risk controls) isn't backed by any official or media account, only the author's own statements.

A user in the comments offered another route: "Just switch the framework to the official bot API. AstrBot only does the agent framework and never touches the protocol, and it's fine!" The author is now building a new project called OmniAgent, the page says "under development", and it's not clear yet whether it can win back the original crowd.

If it were you

C There's something to learn here, but following it isn't worth it. Its 998 stars rode two things you can't get: the QQ buzz from the big fish (Dashboard Fish) wave, which is fading, and the teen users on QQ who wanted to raise fish, a door Tencent has since shut. Building a QQ version now will most likely get banned before you collect any stars.

Who it's for Developers who want stars for their open-source project and already have a popular upstream project being criticized for being "expensive" or "hard to install". You're meant to learn its method, not copy its topic.

Who it's not for Anyone wanting another QQ or WeChat personal-account bot (the platforms don't allow it, and the author already tried it for you). Anyone treating it as a business (the author himself thinks people reselling it or using it for gray-market purposes was one of the reasons for the crackdown).

How to do it Find a popular project whose stars are climbing and whose issues are full of complaints about cost or deployment, then build an improvement you can state in one line: "Same results, X times fewer tokens", "No command line, just double-click and go". Architecturally, QQ-agent's cheap approach of "one short session per message + a memory tool" can be carried straight over to platforms with open bot interfaces like Discord or Telegram, or you can do what AstrBot does: only build the framework and let users wire up the protocol themselves.

How to get users Same as it did: go to the upstream project's comments, issues, and tutorial videos and let measured numbers do the talking; make an illustrated tutorial for beginners; open a place early for users to upload personas and plugins, since user-made content is the best way to keep people.

When the window closes This "ride the upstream's growth" play only works during the weeks the upstream is gaining stars. The big fish's heat began to be interrupted by the crackdown starting late October, so to ride it you'd estimate launching before year's end; with any other hot upstream, you'd need to show up in the one or two weeks when it's growing fastest.

What would mean I got this wrong ① A Discord- or Telegram-based big-fish bot focused on "saves tokens, mixes in like a real person" gets over a thousand stars within a month, which would mean the platform-switch route is wider than judged here and worth upgrading; ② QQ officially opens an interface that lets bots speak without being @'d, meaning that door has reopened; ③ the author's OmniAgent quickly brings back the original personas and plugin community, which would mean the community is worth more than the platform.

GitHub repo ↗

Research notes: competitor table, acquisition evidence, full research report
Competitors
NameWhereLaunchedScaleHow it differs from this one
Derpyu520/qq-bridgeOpen source2026-08-253,562 stars / 218 forks (11-06)Upstream. You must run both DSH and SnowLuma and hand-edit config; context piles up in a single session so token cost grows roughly quadratically. QQ-agent drops DSH, costs stay fixed, pure GUI.
tencent-connect/dsh-qqbot (Tencent's official DSH plugin)Big-company features2026-08-14546 starsOfficial Bot, compliant, works after a QR scan, but only replies when @'d; can't mix into groups like a real person
AstrBotOpen source2022-1246,233 starsGeneral-purpose agent framework that doesn't touch the protocol; users say it feels too robotic, QQ-agent's persona-based group members work better
sakurawwwxh/qq-agent-plusOpen source2026-09-18104 starsSame stateless architecture, built as a Linux server version with a plugin index, still being maintained
fumingyang2004/TulpaOpen source2026-09-26510 starsUses MCP to connect QQ, WeChat, and Bilibili to any agent; it's a tool layer for agents, not a ready-to-use group member
aureth-labs/dsh-aurabot-qq and other dsh-qq-* pluginsOpen source2026-09~10Dozens to 439 starsDSH plugin form; you have to install DSH first, and the brain is still DSH
Where users come from
  • Verified Comment-section poaching on hot projects: the author's README and 2026-09-06 "Dev Notes" blog: "After the changes, the cost savings were really substantial, so I went to the comment sections to show off... there are a lot of people lurking."
  • Verified Bilibili tutorial video (with cloud-drive download link): "Tutorial: Connecting Dashboard Fish to QQ on Mobile" BV1GqHM6iEaW, posted 2026-10-24; the description included the Quark link for the QQ-agent mobile deployment (recorded in the sabercomo backup index; the video has since been deleted).
  • Fact-checked Platform event: DeepSeek Harness "Big Fat Fish" goes viral: DSH 08-13 is open source, now at 274k stars; Tencent News ran 11-04 "This huge wave of Big Fat Fish traffic landed on QQ too"; the star curves for QQ-agent and qq-bridge both accelerated from 10-19 to 10-28
  • Inferred Resonance around "saving tokens": Bilibili's "Dashboard Fish bot eats tokens like crazy" has 78k views (10-25), and "Solving Dashboard Fish's AI amnesia, saving tokens" has 257k views.
  • Verified SEO and content-site mirrors: CSDN gitblog series articles "What is QQ-agent?" and "Complete guide to the QQ-agent persona system"; dsh.so indexes the companion plugin dsh-qq-agent.
  • Verified Community marketplace retention: personas 346, Skills 564, and plugins 799 were all user-submitted; in the closing post's comments someone complained that a plugin they'd just listed was "gone from the marketplace the next day".

0nd1us/QQ-agent research report

Research date 2026-11-06. Channel: GitHub. Bottom line first: It rode the wave of "DeepSeek Dashboard Fish (DeepSeek Harness) connecting to QQ groups". On top of qq-bridge, it cut per-call token cost and shipped a Windows desktop app you could use with a few clicks, so it caught the beginner users qq-bridge brought in. Between 2026-10-29 and 11-01, the author, citing Tencent's crackdown on unofficial QQ bots, deleted the repo and plugin marketplace, and the project has stopped.

0. Current status (most important)

  • The repo K0nd1us/QQ-agent now returns 404. The author account's public repo count is 0 (GitHub API, 2026-11-06). Our last observation was 2026-10-29, when it had 998 stars and 90 forks. We have no data since then (GitHub repo_day).
  • The official site and marketplace kondius.cn/qq-agent/ return 503, with the page saying "site access suspended"; the old marketplace link now redirects to the author's new project kondius.cn/OmniAgent/ (marked "under development").
  • The author 2026-11-01 published "QQ-Agent Closing Words" on the blog (https://kondius.cn/article.html?id=u1793508727719, about 1487 views, 88 comments), in his words: "There's no way Tencent would tolerate a fully automated bot relying on QQ growing wildly where it can't monitor it... this time they wiped out a whole batch of bot frameworks; now the only ones left entering are QQ-Bridge and a few with tiny user bases", "Some people are reselling QQA for money", "Regrets? Maybe a little. The topic choice was bad."
  • A user made an archive backup of it on 10-30 sabercomo/qq-agent-backup. It contains the 0.4 source code (last commit 764d3ae, 2026-10-29), plus 346 personas, 564 Skills and 799 plugins rescued from the marketplace (all review-approved). Another snapshot shows the marketplace listing "Plugins 850 / Skills 607" (search summary from the kondius.cn marketplace page).

So the "growth clearly slowed after 10-29" in the recall scoring is really because the repo was deleted, not because interest faded.

1. What it is

A QQ group-chat AI bot that runs on your own computer (Electron desktop app, Windows). You double-click to launch, scan to log into QQ, and enter an OpenAI-compatible model key. The protocol side uses OneBot v11 (SnowLuma by default). It was "thoroughly reworked" from Derpyu520/qq-bridge: the dependency on DeepSeek Harness (DSH) was removed, replaced by "event-driven + stateless sessions" — each new message opens a separate short session that's discarded afterward, while long-term information goes into a memory tool. That keeps the cost per call small and fixed, instead of getting more expensive as chats grow. Other features include a response-level slider, long-term memory for group members, image viewing, 6 search engines, a token-cost ledger accurate to the session and model, persona cards (default "Little Whale"), and whitelist checkboxes (README mirrors: LouisYang841/QQ-agent, Shalom0919/QQ-agent).

2. Competitors

ProductPositionLaunchedScaleHow QQ-agent differs
Derpyu520/qq-bridgeOpen source2026-08-253,562 stars / 218 forks (GitHub repo data, 11-06)It's the upstream. You must run DSH Web and SnowLuma together, hand-edit config.json, and context piles up in one session, so token cost grows roughly quadratically. QQ-agent doesn't need DSH; it works right after install, and costs are fixed.
tencent-connect/dsh-qqbot (Tencent's official DSH plugin)Big-company features2026-08-14546 starsOfficial QQ Bot, compliant, works after a QR scan, but only replies when @'d; can't mix into groups like a real person (Tencent News 2026-11-04)
AstrBotOpen source2022-1246,233 starsA general agent framework that doesn't touch the protocol itself; users call it "too robotic" (comments on the closing post)
NapCat / SnowLumaOpen source2024-03 / 2025-0612.3k / 3.7k starsProtocol-side layer underneath these products, not a direct competitor on the same level; the author says they're "still alive"
sakurawwwxh/qq-agent-plusOpen source2026-09-18104 starsSame stateless OpenAI-session architecture, built as a Linux server version with a plugin index; still being updated
fumingyang2004/TulpaOpen source2026-09-26510 starsUses MCP to connect QQ, WeChat, and Bilibili to any agent; the README states it drew on QQ-agent
aureth-labs/dsh-aurabot-qqOpen source (DSH plugin)2026-10-24439 starsA DSH plugin that connects QQ via SnowLuma; the brain is still DSH
sj244 / TomoyoNatsume / NimuStudio and other dsh-qq-* pluginsOpen source2026-09~10Dozens to over a hundred starsAll are DSH plugin forms; you have to install DSH first

Bottom line: there are many competitors for "connecting Dashboard Fish to QQ groups", but most are DSH plugins or command-line tools. A Windows desktop app that doesn't depend on DSH, has controllable costs, and is pure GUI was almost unique to it from 9 to October.

3. Growth data

  • stars: 352(10-09) → 611(10-20) → 827(10-24) → 998(10-29). Peak single-day gain +62(10-21); from 10-22 to 10-29 total +272 (github repo data).
  • The curve moved in step with qq-bridge: qq-bridge rose from 1,207(10-19) to 3,150(10-28), accelerating in the same week (github repo data). Both fed on the same Bilibili "connecting the big fish to QQ" traffic.
  • The fork-to-star ratio is about 9%, and there are many traces of forks used for secondary development and backups (see below).
  • Community size: approved personas 346, Skills 564, and plugins 799 in the marketplace (sabercomo backup index); outside authors submitted extensions (nuoxi4n, wangpx2006, Yaeluli's dsh-qq-agent DSH plugin, verified on dsh.so 2026-11-01). The "Dev Notes" blog post has 2269 views and the "Closing Words" post has 1487 views.

4. Where users came from (growth tactics)

  1. Showing off in the comment sections of hot projects (the author's own account, in the README and the blog's 2026-09-06 "Dev Notes"): "After the changes, the cost savings were really substantial, so I went to the comment sections to show off... there are a lot of people lurking." That is, under the qq-bridge and big-fish tutorial comments, it used "saves tokens" to draw in people already put off by the cost. The specific platform wasn't verified; from context it's most likely Bilibili.
  2. Bilibili tutorial video with download link: "Tutorial: Connecting Dashboard Fish to QQ on Mobile" BV1GqHM6iEaW (posted 2026-10-24; the description linked the QQ-agent mobile deployment on Quark Drive, per the sabercomo backup index; the video has since been deleted). The concurrent "Dashboard Fish eats tokens" was a trending Bilibili topic (BV1bGHG6uERH, 78k views, 10-25; "Solving Dashboard Fish's AI amnesia, saving tokens", 257k views), which lined up with its "saves tokens" pitch.
  3. Platform event: DeepSeek Harness and "Big Fat Fish" go viral. DSH 2026-08-13 is open source, now at 274k stars. Tencent News 2026-11-04 ran "This Big Fat Fish traffic windfall landed right on QQ", noting that "searching Big Fat Fish directly in WeChat turns up sticker packs," and QQ officially rushed out a DSH plugin.
  4. SEO and content-site mirrors: CSDN "gitblog" series articles ("What is QQ-agent? The complete guide to a local AI bot that mixes into groups like a real person" and "From Little Whale to custom characters: the complete guide to the QQ-agent persona system") and DSH plugin directories brought it long-tail search traffic.
  5. Community retention: personas, Skills and plugin marketplace, plus "feedback collection" and "quote uploads." The author said he wanted to "build something that counts as a community." Users uploaded hundreds of personas, so stickiness is strong. The comments under the ending show it: "Boss, you gave me a totally different world," "Made a... plugin, and the next day the market was gone."

No paid acquisition, creator partnerships or big-account promotion found. Nothing on X either (x-radar: 60 days, 0 posts).

5. Why it broke out

  • Timing: DSH "Big Fat Fish" blew up on Bilibili and QQ groups. Lots of non-programmers wanted to "raise a fish in the group" (the fish-raising and daughter-raising memes). But qq-bridge needs DSH and SnowLuma set up together, so the barrier is high and it burns money fast.
  • The pain point is sharp: qq-bridge stuffs all context into one DSH session, and the gap between messages often exceeds the cache TTL, so cost grows roughly quadratically. QQ-agent opens a fresh session every time, which keeps per-message cost fixed. Add a response-level slider and a per-category cost ledger, and it directly answers "why is this burning so many tokens?"
  • Lowest barrier: on Windows, double-click a .bat, scan the QR code, fill in the Key, tick the group. Three steps. The console has a health-check card, so users never touch the command line. The target user is a teenage QQ user, not a developer.
  • Good persona results: the author admits most of the effect comes from the upstream qq-bridge "simulated group member" prompts ("the original project's prompts really did work well").
  • The author iterates every day, staying up all night, and there's a community marketplace: hundreds of personas, Skills and plugins formed a small ecosystem.

6. Differentiation, and whether that's why it took off

The differentiation has three parts: a stateless architecture that doesn't depend on DSH (saves tokens) + a zero-command-line desktop app + a marketplace for personas, Skills and plugins. The first two are the direct reason it took off. It picked up the people qq-bridge attracted but then scared off with cost and setup (the two star curves moving together is the evidence). The third decides retention and word of mouth. But the whole thing rests on "using a protocol endpoint to impersonate a real QQ account," which is exactly what Tencent cracks down on. It ended with a blanket platform-rule takedown (self-reported by the author), and that's a structural flaw in the topic itself.

7. How many people have seen it

Circulating in small circles: fairly hot in the Bilibili Big Fat Fish player circles and QQ groups (88 comments under the ending, a marketplace with over a thousand extensions). There are CSDN SEO articles, but no public revenue and no standalone media coverage (the Tencent News piece was about qq-bridge). 0 discussions on X. The project has stopped, and in China this direction has been shut down by Tencent on QQ.

8. Copycats

  • Direct mirrors or forks: lyyde599/qq-agent (45 stars, early version), LouisYang841/QQ-agent, mingmieyan/QQ-agent-dev, 710765989/QQ-agent-white, viuuro/qq-agent-xiaoruan, Shalom0919/QQ-agent, Miralchile/phoebe-qq-agent.
  • Same-architecture competitor: sakurawwwxh/qq-agent-plus (104 stars, 9-18 at the start, stateless OpenAI sessions, Linux version, still being updated).
  • The author says "people are reselling QQA for money" (resale or paid deployment; the specific channel is unverified). shuangbai0702/qq-ai-saas, "Fishbot QQ AI SaaS," cites it. Whether it's being commercialized is unverified.

9. What others can learn

  • In the comments or issues of a popular open-source project, take a quantifiable pain-point improvement ("same results, X times fewer tokens") and use it to siphon traffic. Cold-start cost is close to zero.
  • The token-saving architecture of "stateless sessions + archived summaries + memory tools" can be lifted straight into WeChat, Discord and Telegram group bots.
  • Give non-developers a graphical shell and add personas and a plugin marketplace, so the content users create becomes retention.
  • The lesson on the other side: parasitizing a closed platform (QQ's unofficial protocol) means everything vanishes once the platform acts. Either connect to the official channel (a comment suggested "rebuild the framework to plug into official bots," following AstrBot, which stays a framework and doesn't touch the protocol) or build on an open platform (Discord, Telegram).

10. Still unclear

  • No official or media statement found on the specifics of Tencent's cleanup this time (account bans, lawyer letters, or stronger risk controls). Only the author's account and Bilibili "QQ risk control" videos (e.g. BV1ddxV6aEBD, 10-28).
  • Couldn't verify which platform or which video the "showing off in the comments" happened on.
  • Actual installs unknown; stars only reflect attention.
  • Unclear whether the author's new project OmniAgent will absorb the original community.

Sources

This article was written by AI from public data and the data we collect daily. Numbers are sourced, and inferences are labeled.